Analysis Of Catherine Zeta Jones, The Academy Award Winning For Best Supporting Actress

These mood episodes include the manic episodes and the depressive episodes. The mood changes of mania include a long period of an overly happy mood and irritability; the behavioral changes are talking quickly, having racing thoughts, being distracted, increasing of activities, being restless, getting little or no sleep, being impulsive, and engaging in high-risk, pleasurable activities or behaviors (NIMH, 2015). The mood changes of the depressive episodes are loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed and a long period of sadness; the behavioral changes are feeling very tired, having trouble with decision making and problem solving, being irritable, changing normal habits, and negative thinking (NIMH, 2015). Sometimes symptoms from both episodes can be present in a person’s current mood episode. This is called a mixed state. In the mixed state, a person can feel agitated, have a change in eating habits, and have suicidal thoughts; they also feel very hopeless and very energized at the same time (NIMH, 2015). About ten percent of people have at least four mood episodes every year which is called rapid cycling bipolar disorder (Schacter el at.,

Some signs and symptoms of a manic episode are: increased energy, activity, and restlessness; excessively high, overly good, euphoric mood; racing thoughts and talking fast, jumping from one idea to another; distractibility or lack of concentration; spending sprees; poor judgment; increased sex drive; and denial that anything is wrong (Nevid, Rathus, & Greene, 2006). A manic episode is diagnosed if elevated mood occurs with three or more of the other symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for one week or longer (Psychology Today, 2011). If the mood is irritable, four additional symptoms must be present.

People with bipolar I disorder have full manic and major depressive episodes. Most of them experience an alternation of the episodes; for example, weeks of mania may be followed by a period of wellness, followed, in turn, by an episode of depression. Some, however, have mixed episodes, in which they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode—for example, having racing thoughts amidst feelings of extreme sadness. In bipolar II disorder, hypomanic—that is, mildy manic—episodes alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time. When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms, but not full-blown episodes, DSM-5 assigns a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder. The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks.

A manic episode includes either feeling euphoric or high levels of irritation and can last a week or longer and may require hospitalisation. A person who is mania can sometimes lose touch with reality and suffer psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions. Hypomania is similar to mania but not as intense and there are no psychotic symptoms experienced and the person will not require hospitalisation. Symptoms will last up to 4 days.

Ellen Waters meets criteria for a diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder (296.89), current episode depressed with atypical features, mild severity. There are several things in her case that make this diagnosis clear. She reports chronic depression throughout her life, but she also describes “highs” consisting of elevated mood lasting for several months at a time during which she functions on little sleep and gets a lot done, runs up high telephones bills talking to people, and experiences racing thoughts. Additionally, she reports that her friends have obviously concerned about her abrupt changes of behavior from her depressive norm, and would often tell her that she needed to slow down or calm down. All of these are consistent with hypomania and she lacks some of the hallmarks of mania—she is still able to function at work and socially for the most part, she has not needed to be hospitalized as a result of her “highs” and she has not experienced any psychosis—thus ruling out a Bipolar I diagnosis. She is currently experiencing a depressed mood and panic attacks, which is the reason why she has been referred for treatment. She states that she was depressed for most of the month prior to this visit.

A manic episode is characterized by an abnormality of mood that is euphoric, expansive, and elevated or irritable with increased energy, along with signs and symptoms such as inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep. Pressure of speech or being extremely talkative, racing thoughts or flight of ideas, distractibility, an increase in goal-directed behavior, agitation, poor judgment and impulsive decision making are more signs and symptoms of a manic episode. A manic episode can result in unwise and potentially dangerous behavior. Destructive behaviors can often occur with spending money, sexual

Hypomania differs from the regular manic phase (present in Bipolar I), in the sense that hypomania is less manic than mania, but still higher than the portrayed ¨normal mood¨; hence the word “hypo” (meaning under). Another difference visible amongst the two is while hypomania can occur on its own, mania can not. Mania is only able to occur in correspondence with a bipolar disorder. Perhaps the largest distinction is the level of severity (related to impairments). Hypomania is not quite severe enough for a person to develop dramatic impairments in school functioning or to require hospitalization. In addition, a person going through the hypomanic phase does not experience any psychotic features or occupational

A 24 year old Native American male presented with periods of high mania followed by periods of low depression has come to us for help. The patient experienced mood swings that sometimes were comingled with elation and major depression at the same times. Major depression according to ( ) can be defined as having a very low mood for a period of at least two weeks or more for an individual.His sadness would last for periods of a several weeks or more that could not be explained with long bouts of staying in bed unable to get up except for absolute necessities. These periods of sadness were extremely intense and were constant throughout the week’s long periods. During this period sleeping and eating was excessive and all activities including house cleaning, personal hygiene, and job were neglected. After this period of depression the client reported a follow up period of high energy or mania where he reported that he felt more like himself including bursts of high energy and restlessness that could not be contained. Mania can be defined as periods of high excitement and euphoria that can be accompanied with delusions.

Past studies have also believed that antidepressant therapy causes acute symptoms of hypomania; however they were not able to establish a concrete evidence to prove it. These studies also looked at some other results and not just mainly focused on finding out the rate at which mania or hypomania happening from specific antidepressants. The current study focuses on this with a “real-world sample” of men and women aged 16 to 68 that are already diagnosed with depression.

Bipolar Disorder impacts roughly 5.7 million adults in the United States (DBSA, 2000). This illness causes individuals to experience drastic spikes and shifts in their mood. There are stages where people may feel a sense of isolation or hopelessness, which is often referred to as a “depressive episode” (NIMH, 2011). The other peak stage those with bipolar disorder may experience is an

episode can be chronic and long term. And then there is hypomania and severe mania. This is

The intensity of these “high” feelings can be so euphoric that these individuals enjoy their manic episode. Inevitably, however, extreme highs lead to irritability and anger because the Mania is too much for the individual to handle (Mondimore, 2006). To be diagnosed as a Manic episode, the person must solely display an elevated or irritable mood for at least one week in addition to at least three of the symptoms listed above. These symptoms must negatively affect his or her ability to properly function in society. Mixed Episode must be ruled out as well (APA, 2000).

     The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. Hypomania progresses into the transition that is marked by extreme loss of judgment. (Jamison, 1990) Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences paranoid delusions. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior sometimes turns into violence.

(DSM-5) Carrie Fisher, famous for her role as Leia Organa in the Star Wars franchise, describes her bipolar disorder to a little boy in a Q&A panel at Indiana Comic Con in 2015:

There is no indication she has had a manic or hypomanic episode. Her depression may be complicated by grief due to her father’s death one year ago. Her symptoms seem to get worse after his passing.