Analysis Of Cell Cycle Of Drosophila Oogenesis

The goal of this study was to induce a deletion in the DMAP1 gene on chromosome two in Drosophila melanogaster through P-element mobilization. The DMAP1 gene may be an essential gene, however not much is known about it. We attempted to uncover the function of DMAP1 by creating a series of genetic crosses and selecting for brown-eyed non-stubble male flies that may have the deletion. To test whether these flies had the deletion, we produced PCR products and ran them on an agarose gel, which resulted as inconclusive. We created a balanced stock of flies homozygous for the deletion to see if the

Introduction: The intention of this lab was to gain a better understanding of Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns of the drosophila fruit fly. This was tasked through inspecting phenotypes present in the dihybrid crosses performed on the flies. An experimental virtual fly lab assignment was also used to analyze the inheritance patterns. Specifically, the purpose of our drosophila crosses is to establish which phenotypes are dominant/recessive, if the traits are inherited through autosome or sex chromosomes and whether independent assortment or linkage is responsible for the expressed traits.

A key characteristic of cancer cells is that they are no longer constrained by the standard cell cycle controls that normally coordinate cell division activity. Consequently the timing of mitosis in cancer cells is altered. You may

Jack J, DeLotto Y. Effect of Wing Scalloping Mutations on Cut Expression and Sense Organ Differentiation in the Drosophila Wing Margin. Genetics. 1992;131(2):353-363.

The JAK-STAT pathway also regulates haematopoiesis in Drosophila. This pathway is a common mechanism for niche signalling in somatic tissues. BMP signalling is required for the maintenance of ES cells (Agosto, et al., 2007)

Heterozygotes, which have the wild type phenotype, have normal sight which gives them the advantage of finding a mate and have a better success with attracting a mate with their courtship song (Kyriacou et al, 1978). The male heterozygous Drosophila had a better advantage at mating than the homozygotes, which were the ebony, and therefore we predict there will be more wild type by the end of the experiment.

PC3 (8×104  cells/well) and LNCaP (3×105  cells/well) cells were seeded in 6-well plates in 1.5  mL of complete growth media. Cells were treated with 2.5 μM of free sorafenib or an equivalent sorafenib concentration of SMA-Sor, 3 μM of free nilotinib or an equivalent nilotinib concentration of SMA-Nilo, DMSO or SMA for 48  h. Cell cycle distribution was assessed using propidium iodide staining, as previously described {Somers-Edgar, 2011 #82}. Samples were analysed using a FACScalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and the proportion of cells in each of G0/G1-, S- and G2/M-phases were determined using CellQuest Pro software (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA).

Bayer, C.A., Halsell, S.R., Fristrom, J.W., Kiehart, D.P., von Kalm, L. (2003). Genetic interactions between the RhoA and Stubble-stubbloid loci suggest a role for a type II transmembrane serine protease in intracellular signaling during Drosophila imaginal disc morphogenesis. Genetics 165(3): 1417--1432.

It is inevitable to have some unreliable data in the drosophila lab experiment due to numbers reasons. First and most importantly, some fly crosses died because it got suffocated in the food and because students killed the flies by over anesthetizing the flies with FlyNap. In addition, some of the labels on the vials fell off when the vials was incubated, so students were uncertain which offsprings belonged to the parental crosses. The WT male x w female needs to be censored because wild-type flies are dominant to white flies, but the data collected shows otherwise.

Drosophila has a natural tendency to show negative geotactic behaviour. The flies move against gravity. This trait is seen right from the 3rd instar larval stage where the larvae starts crawling against gravity and away from the food source when cultured inside media bottles under laboratory conditions.

The Image above shows you how a VRN works, it basically provides a virtual world, in this case it's a building with windows that are labeled and the target windows are marked with X. This allows participants to create a cognitive map of that area. In their trials they used sensor movements in a wheelchair to capture where the individual is moving in the virtual world. This technique is beneficial with the

Genes influence life choices. Your genes are outside of your control, but you make choices about other things that influence your health and life choices. Embryo cells and the cell cycle can be the same and also have differences in each other, embryonic stem cells have the capacity for unlimited proliferation while retaining their potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. Murine, primate and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exhibit a very unusual cell cycle structure, characterized by a short G1 phase and a high proportion of cells in S-phase. In the case of mESCs, this is associated with a unique mechanism of cell cycle regulation, underpinned by the precocious activity of cyclin dependent protein kinase (Cdk) activities.

The diagram displays the different phases in the life cycle of the dragonfly. Eggs that are laid pass through multiple stages to turn into adults.

The cell memory machinery is involved in maintaining cell type specific gene expression patterns rather than its establishment. Cellular memory is provided by two counteracting groups of chromatin proteins termed Trithorax group (TrxG) and Polycomb group (PcG) [2]. Proteins of the Polycomb group (PcG) and of the trithorax group (trxG) are involved in the regulation of key developmental genes, such as homeotic genes. PcG proteins maintain silent states of gene expression, while the trxG of genes counteracts silencing with a chromatin opening function. In Drosophila, PcG and trxG complexes are recruited to specific DNA elements named as PcG and trxG response elements (PREs and TREs, respectively). Once recruited, these complexes seem to be able to establish silent or open chromatin states that can be inherited through multiple cell divisions even after decay of the primary silencing or activating signal

In worms, DTC functions as GSC niche (Kimble and White, 1981). In hermaphrodites, distal end of each gonad has one DTC while in males; both DTCs are located at the end of a single gonad. DTC sends cytoplasmic processes which envelop the neighboring cells and hence, provide them a niche. DTC signals nearby cells to remain mitotically proliferating and as cells move away from it; they are no longer under the influence of these signals and hence, enter meiosis. DTC is crucial for larval germ cell proliferation and for the maintenance of GSCs in adults. Laser ablation of DTC results in the loss of mitotically dividing due to precocious meiotic entry. Conversely, ectopic localization of DTC relocates stem cell population and its duplication forms a new pool of mitotically proliferating stem cells. Therefore, DTC is necessary as well as sufficient for the mitotic proliferation of GSCs (Byrd and Kimble, 2009; Kimble and White, 1981). Approximately 230 mitotically proliferating cells are present at the distal end of the gonad, which spreads to ~ 20 cell diameters from the DTC (Crittenden et al., 1994; Hansen et al., 2004a). Label retaining assays using BrdU and EdU; and other studies of cell cycle kinetics have revealed that there are two subpopulations within the 230 mitotically dividing cells. Distal most ~130-160 cells are actively proliferating while ~ 70-90 cells present more proximal to distal end within the mitotic zone are in premeiotic S-phase (Crittendenet al., 2006 ;