Analysis Of Cushing 's Syndrome ( Cs )

Cushing’s syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to an overabundance of the hormone cortisol.3 Cortisol is known as the stress hormone. The interruption of cortisol secretion can cause weight gain and can ultimately determine where you put the weight on.8 There are many underlying causes such as Pituitary Adenomas, Ectopic ACTH Syndrome, Adrenal Tumors, and Familial Cushing’s Syndrome.2 The majority of these people affected by this hormonal disorder experience weak muscles, increase fat, high blood pressure, etc.1 Although thousands are affected in various ways, there are currently several channels of treatment administered by medical professionals. Through the use of improving technology, medical professionals are better understanding the disorder, allowing them to develop better treatment practices.

Cushing 's syndrome (CS) is characterized by pathologically elevated free glucocorticoid levels. Endogenous hypercortisolism is usually due to ACTH-secreting pituitary corticotropic adenomas and less often due to ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms or ACTH-independent adrenal cortisol hypersecretion (Yaneva, 2010). Cushing 's disease occurs infrequently in an inherited setting in both of these conditions (Yaneva, 2010).

Another diagnostic method to diagnose adrenal tumors is cortisol saliva testing. In this test, the amount of cortisol in the saliva at or near midnight is normally very low. Multiple repeats of the test to confirm elevated cortisol levels can diagnose Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is excess cortisol levels, possibly due to the body secreting too much

1. Cushing's disease is a hormonal disorder which is caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. It is sometimes referred to as hypercortisolism, it is fairly rare and it most commonly affects adults between the ages of 20 to 50. There is an estimated 10 to 15 of every million people who are affected every year.

It is important to distinguish between Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome. While both are based on high levels of cortisol circulating in the body, Cushing disease is specifically caused by a generally benign tumor of the pituitary gland which secretes excess levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leading to overproduction of cortisol in the adrenal glands. Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, refers to the symptoms caused by elevated levels of cortisol in the body due to any cause, and is also called hypercortisolism or hyperadrenocorticism. In addition to the Cushing disease promoting pituitary tumor, a number of additional circumstances may lead to the development of Cushing Syndrome. Elevated levels of cortisol often are a result of a prolonged use of corticosteroids, which may be prescribed for the treatment of allergies, asthma, or autoimmune diseases. However, elevated cortisol levels may also occur with cancerous or benign tumors of the ACTH-producing lungs, pancreas, or thyroid stimulating an excess production of cortisol. Cushing syndrome is fairly rare, affecting 10 -15

themselves are malfunctioning that is called primary adrenal insufficiency. Another reason that cortisol production is lacking might be because not enough ACTH is being generated by the pituitary gland. The second order effect of inadequate levels of ACTH being secreted results in cortisol not being produced. When this is the case it is called secondary adrenal insufficiency (MedlinePlus, 2011).

In this case, not enough adrenocorticotropic can lead to inadequate production of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands.

This binding to complementary receptors in the pituitary gland causes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to be released into circulation to target the adrenal cortex. This in turn stimulates synthesis of glucocorticoids, cortisol being one of these. Cortisol plays a key role in the responses

In some cases, a primary adrenal gland disease is the cause of the development of Cushing’s syndrome. The common form of the kind of disorder is a tumor on the adrenal cortex. The tumors are most commonly benign but can also be cancerous. In this case, the secretion of cortisol is directly caused by the adrenal glands instead of the secretion of ACTH stimulating the hormone’s release.

Serum cholesterol rates have been the most reliable means of predicting remission after pituitary surgery to manage Cushing's. However, this study suggests that surgery is not always the best option, and often results in a cyclic form of hypercortisolism.

Cushing’s is a disease in which you have an abnormally elevated level of cortisol. There are two major types of Cushing’s. The first type of Cushing’s is rare and is called “Cushing’s Disease”, it’s cause by an endogenous factor, which means that something goes wrong inside your body. This type is usually characterized by the body’s own overproduction of ACTH, Which controls Cortisol. Other internal factors that may cause Cushing’s Disease is a pituitary gland tumor (can be benign or cancerous and is the most common), an ectopic tumor that secretes ACTH, an adrenal adenoma (benign) and adrenal carcinomas (cancerous). In very few rare cases people can inherit a predisposition to developing endocrine tumors (Toft 2016). The second type of Cushing’s

70% of the patients that are diagnosed with Addison’s suffer from an autoimmune disease like HIV (Renz, 2012). Very rarely will it be a genetic mutation they are born with but it does happen. Another cause is malignancy. Tumors metastasize from another organ and start disrupting the hormone flow of the adrenal glands, like lymphoma (Renz, 2012). Another cause is long lasting infections like tuberculosis (Lovas & Husebye, 2005). This is how Addison’s disease was originally diagnosed. Over time, tuberculosis evolves and starts causing a hormone mix-up. On occasion, Addison’s may be caused by trauma. This is the case when it comes to the author’s father. The pituitary gland can be damaged based on the high mechanism of injury to the brain. The pituitary controls all the glands in the human body including the adrenal glands. To put it all in perspective, Addison’s disease basically creates an all-out warfare between your anti-bodies and your adrenal

The basic cause for Equine Cushing's Disease is the lack of dopaminergic control within the intermediate lobe. As a result peptide hormones are overly secreted into the body. Melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe release pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) into the body. This is then split to form three hormones: α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-endorphin (β-END)–related peptides and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). Normally, dopamine binds to 2 inhibitory receptors on the melanotrophs, stoping the production of hormones. This function is lacking in individuals with Equine Cushing's Disease. Consequentially hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and over production of POMC peptides occur in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.

Choice "E" is the best answer. Cushing syndrome is a clinical syndrome associated with an excess of glucocorticoids(GCs), due either to elevated levels of endogenous cortisol or exogenous use of glucocorticoid medications such as prednisone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, and betamethasone. Common signs and symptoms include altered fat deposition (including “moon facies” and “buffalo hump”, referring to fat deposition in the face and the upper back), weight gain, hypertension, striae, acne, hyperglycemia, and central muscle weakness. Treatment involves cessation of glucocorticoid therapy, though a taper is crucial, as abrupt withdrawal can lead to acute adrenal insufficiency and shock. In non-endocrine disorders, GCs are commonly given in pharmacologic (therapeutic) doses to suppress inflammation. In endocrine disorders, however, corticosteroid doses are often given at or close to physiologic doses (rather than in therapeutic ranges). GC-associated toxicity appears to be related to both the average dose and cumulative duration of GC use. However, for most GC-related adverse events, “threshold” dose or treatment duration has not been established.

ACTH-independent Cushings Syndrome typically originates from abnormalities of the adrenal gland. Adrenal adenoma and adrenal carcinoma occur when there is a benign or cancerous tumor on the adrenal gland. These tumors can cause over production of cortisol, disrupting homeostasis. Other diseases like Carney complex and McCune Albright syndrome have also been associated with abnormalities of the adrenal gland, causing overproduction of cortisol. A final form of cushings syndrome is exogenous glucocorticoid administration.