Analysis Of Cushing 's Syndrome ( Cs )

     Cortisol is in the class of hormones called glucocorticoids and affects almost every organ in the body. One of the most important functions of cortisol is to help regulate the body’s response to stress. Cortisol is also responsible for other necessary functions including: helping to maintain blood pressure and

Cushing 's syndrome (CS) is characterized by pathologically elevated free glucocorticoid levels. Endogenous hypercortisolism is usually due to ACTH-secreting pituitary corticotropic adenomas and less often due to ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms or ACTH-independent adrenal cortisol hypersecretion (Yaneva, 2010). Cushing 's disease occurs infrequently in an inherited setting in both of these conditions (Yaneva, 2010).

themselves are malfunctioning that is called primary adrenal insufficiency. Another reason that cortisol production is lacking might be because not enough ACTH is being generated by the pituitary gland. The second order effect of inadequate levels of ACTH being secreted results in cortisol not being produced. When this is the case it is called secondary adrenal insufficiency (MedlinePlus, 2011).

Serum cholesterol rates have been the most reliable means of predicting remission after pituitary surgery to manage Cushing's. However, this study suggests that surgery is not always the best option, and often results in a cyclic form of hypercortisolism.

The basic cause for Equine Cushing's Disease is the lack of dopaminergic control within the intermediate lobe. As a result peptide hormones are overly secreted into the body. Melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe release pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) into the body. This is then split to form three hormones: α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-endorphin (β-END)–related peptides and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP). Normally, dopamine binds to 2 inhibitory receptors on the melanotrophs, stoping the production of hormones. This function is lacking in individuals with Equine Cushing's Disease. Consequentially hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and over production of POMC peptides occur in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.

When a dog has too much Cortisol in their body (usually in their adrenal glands), it can result in them getting Cushing's disease. It is the most common hormone related disease in dogs.There are other causes of this disease in dogs like taking medicine with Cortisol in it for a long period of time or having a tumor in the adrenal gland. However, the main cause of this disease in dogs is their bodies producing too much Cortisol.

Cushing’s disease is a disease of the endocrine system that is recognized by the overproduction of the pituitary gland which releases the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that in return leads to an overactive adrenal gland which produces a stress hormone called cortisol. The overproduction is caused by a tumor or additional growth at the base of the brain. This tumor is called an adenoma which is usually not a cancerous growth.

Cushing's syndrome or hypercortisolism is an endocrine disorder of the adrenal glands. It is the body's tissues overexposure to cortisol which is produced by the adrenal gland. Overexposure to cortisol can result from long-term use of synthetic glucocorticoid hormones to treat inflammatory diseases. Another cause are pituitary adenomas or benign tumor growths of the pituitary gland that secretes ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which triggers cortisol overproduction. Symptoms encompass upper body obesity, severe fatigue,muscle weakness, high blood pressure, backache, elevated blood sugar, easy bruising, and bluish-red stretch marks on the skin. In women, increased growth of facial and body hair, and irregular menstrual periods that may

Cushing's syndrome, which is also known as Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, hyperadrenocorticism or hypercorticism, is an interesting disease that can be found in several mammals such as in dogs, horses, and humans. Cushing syndrome is triggered excessive amounts of cortisol in the body while Cushing disease refers to the a specific pituitary-dependent cause that causes the body to produce excessive amounts of cortisol; there is a distinction made in the two conditions because sometimes the syndrome can be caused by drugs that artificially raise the body's cortisol levels while the disease does raises the cortisol level naturally through some form of pituitary disruption.

Cushing’s syndrome(CS) results from prolonged exposure to excess free glucocorticoids. Around 10-15 per million people are affected by CS every year(1). Most patients with CS have an Adrenocorticotrophic(ACTH)- secreting pituitary adenoma, which is otherwise known as Cushing’s disease. Other causes of CS include adrenal tumours, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumours and exogenous steroid use. Except for exogenous steroid use, the other mentioned causes of CS can all be caused by genetic mutations. Currently, very little is known about the prevalence of genetic mutations in CS. This essay will discuss the key genetic mutations that cause CS and explore the advantages of identifying the mutations with regards to clinical management of CS.

Bhatnagar S, Bell ME, Liang J, Soriano L, Nagy TR, and Dallman, MF. 2000. Corticosterone facilitates saccharin intake in adrenalectomized rats: does corticosterone increase stimulus salience?. Journal of neuroendocrinology 12: 453-460.

This publication covered a more broad sense of the topic. Although this was very informative, it reveals the need for more in depth research, especially as it relates to human subjects. Furthermore, many of the tests could easily be proven fallible; as with some of the testing, the hormonal supplementations were below therapeutic levels. Also, the environment of the subject is not without great effect on the outcome of the given test. Patient history, as-well-as their ideologies, and how they interpret certain triggers, and of course age and gender should be taken into account when establishing a controlled study. Hormones and their effect on mental health are not easily studied. It is not something that can be measured in physical terms such as blood-pressure and body weight. Continued research this subject is very much

This circulating peptide hormone is mainly produced in the gastric mucosa, by the endocrine X/A-like cells (Lim et al., 2013). It is understood its orexigenic effects are controlled by the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus (Tucci et al., 2004). This specific hypothalamic site is a critical centre that is inhibited by ghrelin and involved in energy control and food intake (Kola et al., 2008). Ghrelin also increases the level of cannabinoids in the hypothalamus and is dependent on the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1)(Kola et al., 2008). Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system has demonstrated to play an important role in the orexigenic effects of ghrelin (Kola et al.,

In beginning it was thought that epinephrine could cure the disease. But through many trials, epinephrine improved patient’s hypotension general lassitude but did not prevent death from Addison’s (Hiatt and Hiatt, 1997). Today lifelong, continuous steroid replacement therapy is the required treatment for Addison patients to replace the number of missing hormones that they can no longer produce. Most of the patients are given a prescription of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone (Baker and Wass, 2009). Oral hydrocortisone provides glucocorticoid replacement that can easily repeat the normal patterns of cortisol secretion. Fludrocortisone replaces mineralocorticoids. The dosage of fludrocortisone depends on whether the glucocorticoid administered has mineralocorticoid activity, as well as salt intake of the patient. Hydrocortisone has mineralocorticoid activity (Nieman and Turner,

Patients with hypopituitarism with partial/total ACTH deficiency and on suboptimal cortisol therapy may develop symptoms of cortisol deficiency upon initiation of growth hormone therapy due to inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase- type-1.6-9