Analysis Of Harvey 's Article ' Essay

In “New Axioms for Reading the Landscape: Paying Attention to Political Economy and Social Justice,” Don Mitchell incorporates old ideas from Peirce F. Lewis’s original “Axioms for Reading the Landscape.” At the same time, Mitchell includes new ideas into his axioms. In Axiom 1, he explains that “the landscape is not produced through ‘our unwitting autobiography’ (as Lewis describes it), but as an act of (social, not individual) will” (2007, 34). He also stresses the idea that landscape should be produced as a commodity. In contrast, Neil Smith explains the main causes behind gentrification. Smith explains how gentrification happens through a process which he calls “rent gap” (1979, 545). In gentrification, the landscape is a commodity because it loses and gains monetary value through disinvestment and investment.

The following essay addresses the discourse around the good city, trying to understand the importance of having a thinking on the topic rather than providing solutions for a good city.

Marx's theory on Capitalist exploitation is an incredibly deep theory, but to explain it in a nutshell, it is that the working-class people are improperly compensated for their work. The rich, the higher-ups, they continue to expand their wealth by exploiting the working class, the Capitalist system not only allows but effectively demands that Capitalists increase their wealth, long-term or short-term, whether at the cost of the working-class or not. There are three “values” to take into consideration, the use-value, the exchange-value and the

According to Marx, surplus value is obtained in the form of profit in which the capitalist owns the means of production (private property), thus the workers have no choice but to sell their ability to work to the capitalists in order to live. This means that labor is the source of profit under capitalism. Capitalism has a historically specific relation of production, as capitalists pay for labor power (gained by paying wages) and get labor in return. The exploitation of worker’s potential through wages produces surplus value, which is the reason why capital tends to grow. Money put into capitalist relations will then grow; thereby, resulting in the creation of labor markets that give value to things we consider capital. For example, surplus value was extracted under feudalism in this order: commodities are produced (essentials of living) and then feudal lords extracted this surplus by charging rent to the serfs (sometimes through

Question: In Chapter 9, Blum and Harvey discuss the many competing versions of Christ that all exist at the same time in the United States. How do these themes parallel to the representations of Jesus in comedy?

David Harvey argues that the control and direction of the urban process helps fix the problem of absorption of surplus capital and surplus labor. Harvey believes that the right to the city is a human right. People and communities can exhibit this right through “collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization” (Harvey, 23). Capitalists have taken this right away by controlling the direction of the urban process. He briefly explains how the laws of accumulation allow capitalists to accumulate more capital. Harvey believes that urbanization projects are influenced by crisis of state, finance, and capital accumulation. He examines the link between capitalism and urbanization to demonstrate how Haussmann’s reshaping of Paris in the 1850’s

In Marx words “… the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labor, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion, therefore as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases” (8-9). The proletariat now is not only a slave of the bourgeois class, they are also daily and hourly slave by the machine. Because of this many children, women and old people started to become part of the proletariat, the need of a source of income was a necessity that consequently made the low division of the middle class to also fall progressively into the proletariat. Profit is an embellished word used by capitalists for

Marx views capitalism in a multitude of ways, one of which was the theme of injustice of exploitation. The capitalist system is grounded, independently of this or that political economy, on the unpaid surplus labor of workers, giving rise to, through “surplus value,” all forms of rent and profit. The extreme manifestations of this social injustice are the exploitation of children, miserable wages, inhuman working hours, and the sordid conditions of working class life.

According to the labor theory of value, all profits are the rightful earnings of the workers, and when they are kept from the workers by capitalists, workers are simply being robbed. Marx called for the elimination of profits, for workers to seize factories and for the overthrow of the "tyranny" of capitalism. Basically out of the worker labor, the companies make far more than what they paid the workers, while the companies get richer and richer while the workers remain poor (Mandel).

Marx also proposes the important point that “capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a class of laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labor increases capital. These laborers, who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market” (F. Engels., K. Marx, Feb. 1847).

To follow the guise of English Philosopher Thomas Hobbes, the intention of a city could be understood as the preservation of life, and further “a more contented life thereby”. To follow his contemporary John Locke the role of the city could be understood in terms of the preservation of “life, liberty, and property”. Whilst these empirical notions arguably stood true during their inception in the 17th Centaury, also holding significance in the discussion of the contemporary city, the growth and support of the post industrial urban situation cannot be critically addressed in such a modest and simplistic manor. The complexity of the urban conglomeration has outstretched the simplistic and ideal definitions

At the heart of the economic system called capitalism is the doctrine of private property, the right to own businesses, farms and other means of producing a product (Marx, pp. 226-235). Capitalism not only allows private property, but it also allows people who own this property to use others to create products. These workers are paid very little for their labour, and as a result the owners are able to sell the goods that workers create for a profit. In this way those who own private property are allowed to accumulate wealth. With no restrictions on how much wealth a person may legally acquire, capitalism allows

In capitalist production, goods are produced for the market in order to get a profit. What matters for the worker, as I’ve said, is that he or she gets an adequate amount for his or her labor. What is being produced is, in this sense, immaterial.

The system of capitalism is partially based around the unpaid surplus labour of workers that allows for the generation of profit for the workers ' respective superiors. Marx argues that such a system rewards those who have some sort of domination over the workers, the actual producers of commodities. This results in terrible living

Karl Marx’s theory is based on the surplus value (Karl Marx 's theories? .2008). According to Karl Marx capitalists are able to exploit workers(doing involuntarily labour as a mere means to an end and not as an end in itself) because they only have labour to offer and this could be their only source of income, thus resulting in workers getting paid less than value created by their labour. Through these exploitations capitalists are able to increase their profits. This will cause workers to become rebellious and in result refusal of being further exploited (Shaw.2011.149) Workers will then create a system that will fully benefit