Analysis Of Hassan V. City Of New York

In society today many citizens feel violated with the security methods taken by homeland security. “On September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States marked the beginning of the global war on terrorism. The methods used are justifiable as they provide protection against possible threats or attacks. This attack on U.S. soil increased surveillance of both American citizens and foreign nationals” (Andrew, C., & Walter,

Another troubling consequence of the Patriot Act and the expansion of surveillance powers is the use of profiling. In order to efficiently gather intelligence information for the safety of this country, it would be common sense to develop a target of sorts to better focus the efforts made. Many believe that Muslims in this country have become the unfortunate targets of profiling. The monitoring of those with family and business ties to countries rooted with terrorism is a logical direction for

Racial profiling has been a recurring issue for quite a while in the history of America and it appears as if it will proceed the same. Many individuals do not know what racial profiling stands for and sometimes victims of racial profiling aren’t even aware of the meaning. Racial profiling is often identified as the use of race by any law pursuing organization to any extent, as a reason for unlawful conjecture in non-specific inspections. Every person is entitled to basic human freedoms and rights, which are undermined when discrimination based on religion, nationality, ethnicity, race, or other particular status occurs. It is unlawful to discriminate against citizens regardless of their race according to the United States Constitution, Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Michael Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner in Staten Island, Tamir Rice in Cleveland, Walter Scott in North Charleston and, most recently, Freddie Gray in Baltimore have dominated the headlines this entire school year. These men and their stories provide the basis for claims of racially discriminatory treatment of African Americans at the hands of the police. It is true that each of the stories surrounding these men is different, but the one unifying theme is that police around the country are interpreting our Constitutional rights in a way that is insufficient to protect African Americans and the population in general. This paper will explore one Constitutional right— the 4th Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizures--and examine how one Supreme Court decision that narrowed the scope of the 4th Amendment and unintentionally created a mechanism by which the rights of citizens could be unfairly impeded by police.

After the terrorist attacks on to New York City on September 11, 2001, there have been several adjustments to the legislature. Since, this tragic event had an impact on all citizens in this county, new agencies were created and policies at airports were changed as method of prevention for future terrorism incidents. As a consequence, the Congress passed the U.S. PATRIOT Act, which was established to increase airport security and prevent future deadly terrorist attacks. The acronym stands for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act” (Pitt, 2011, p. 54). Even though the PATRIOT Act was enacted for safety reasons, there have been various law suits claiming that innocent members of the Muslim population are being targeted. Pitt (2011) argued in his research that the fairness of this law is questionable, since there is a considerable amount of evidence proving that Muslims are vulnerable to be judged by their race and

Since the attacks of 9/11, Muslim communities have been “targeted” by methods such as racial profiling, according to the Toronto Star (1). In America, the FBI have detained over 400 Muslim-Americans to bring them in for questioning. Although the claims of Attorney General John Ashcroft and FBI Director Robert Mueller say that these detainments have nothing to do with religion and ethnic background, many say this is, in fact, racial profiling. Some believe that it is appropriate, some believe it is not appropriate. How is it not appropriate? It is not appropriate because, one, it is a form of discrimination, if directed at one culture; two, not all people of Arabic descent agree with the beliefs of the common Islamic terrorist; and three, by

Search and seizures are highly debated topics in the United States. Stop and frisk, automobile searches and border searches all fall within the guidelines of the Fourth Amendment. Discussed in this paper will be what reasonable searches, seizures and arrests are and how they are applied. Also to be discussed is whether probable cause is needed during warrantless searches and how the right to privacy is weighed. Finally, this paper will discuss how America’s borders are being protected by the Fourth Amendment, and what exceptions

Racial profiling is a very important issue that individuals in society face every day. This problem occurs in low income or poverty-stricken areas throughout cities and communities across the nation. Hundreds of anecdotal testimonials allege that law enforcement officials at all levels of government are infringing upon the constitutional rights and civil liberties of racial and ethnic minorities through a practice called “racial profiling (Ward, 2002). So what is racial profiling? According to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling by law enforcement is commonly defined as a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (National Institute of Justice, 2013). The

Besides it being ineffective, racial profiling violates citizen’s individual rights. Bork argues that racial profiling is not responsible for “unjustified harassment and occasional detention of Arab and Muslim visitors,”

This article describes what racial profiling is and how it is mostly used in the accusations of a criminal offense, against most minorities. The article also tells how some people say that racial profiling breaches the fourth and fourteenth amendment, but is sanctified in legal debates. This useful in defining racial profiling before I give examples of it in today’s

“In two short decades, between 1980 and 2000, the number of people incarcerated in our nation’s prisons and jails soared from roughly 300,000 to more than 2 million. By the end of 2007, more than 7 million Americans–or one in every 31 adults–were behind bars, on probation, or on parole.” (Alexander 60) Today we are surrounded by the question, whether the law enforcement’s perception of the Fourth Amendment is corrupted allowing ethnic profiling. Although there are a variety of beneficial measures in the Fourth Amendment, there are plenty of aspects that justice is truly blind, lacking equal protection for all backgrounds. By displaying a prior inequity case of the Terry V. Ohio incident, the ramification of racial profiling and the steps that can be taken in order to propose a balanced, and secured proposition promising one’s freedom.

One of the activities of counterterrorism that the United States have done is the NYPD made an informant called “secret spying program” to infiltrate and monitor Muslim life in and around New York City (Gonzalez 2017). Here is where the social factor “stereotypes” contributes to racial profiling, because since the attack of 9/11 was operated by Arabs and Muslims, innocent individuals who are also Arabs or Muslims will be given the ascribed status as danger. The fact that Arabs and Muslims are being followed around constantly is violating their personal life. It is read here “June 2012, a group of Muslims and organizations who had been targeted for NYPD surveillance filed suit against the city in federal court, alleging violations of their rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution” (2017). It is shown here, that Arabs and Muslims are being stalked by the New York Police Department and are not given privacy to these citizens. The meaning of this is because the United States does not trust the Arabs and Muslims roaming New York City. It is because of the event of 9/11 Arabs and Muslims are given the stereotype that they are terrorists and given they status they are nothing but a threat and danger to the United States. Also the fact that the United States are violating their individual rights is unacceptable.

Once the patriot act was enacted racial and ethnic profiling spiked. Now Muslim men are 65% more likely to be stopped for “random searches” at transportation hubs such as airports. According to Ibrahim Hooper, “American Muslims have already lost many their civil rights and All Muslims are considered suspects” (Bork). The biggest sign of this is supposedly ethnic profiling that is now occurring all over the country but mostly in airports but other places as well. “This form of discrimination is felt to be

Since 9/11 people still differentiate if racial or religious profiling is still protecting constitutional freedom. In “Is racial or religious profiling ever justified?”, which appears in the April 18,2011, issue of the New York Times Upfront Magazine, Asra QA Nomani, an African American women who struggles for the soul of Islam, Hassan Abbas, a Professor at Columbia University, debate the issue, but only Asra Q. Nomani is successful. Asra Q. Nomani defends the right of racial or religious profiling. Using the example of 9/11, she determines that the racial or religious profiling is protecting the safety and security of the nation.

After the attacks of September 11, 2001 the New York Police Department has felt the need to tighten their security around the city in order to keep the city safe. The New York Police Department believes that they can not leave protecting New York, a city that is exposed to many security threats daily up to the federal government. In tightening their security they have started to aim towards Muslims and other ethnical groups that they think are a potential security threat. The discovery of the New York Police Department’s Demographics Unit which was the department that was secretly spying on Muslims would not have been discovered and brought to our attention without the help of modern day muckraking through investigative journalism. Modern day