Analysis Of The Voyage Of John Of Plano Carpini And William Of Rubruck

A Voyage Long And Strange: On the Trail of Vikings, Conquistadors, Lost Colonists, and Other Adventurers in Early America

When the word “Mongol” is said I automatically think negative thoughts about uncultured, barbaric people who are horribly cruel and violent. That is only because I have only heard the word used to describe such a person. I have never really registered any initial information I have been taught about the subject pass the point of needing and having to know it. I felt quite incompetent on the subject and once I was given an assignment on the book, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern Age, I was very perplexed for two reasons. One I have to read an outside book for a class that already requires a substantial amount of time reading the text, and secondly I have to write a research paper in History. I got over it and read the book, which

Unit 1 Long Essay Question From 1600 to 1763, British North America established trans-Atlantic interactions with Europe and Africa. British North America traded goods with Europeans and Africans in exchange for other goods and people. The trans-Atlantic interactions from 1600 to 1763 contributed greatly to fostering change in labor systems, through slave trade and the decrease in transportation of indentured servants, while still somewhat maintaining continuity in labor systems, through a continued sense of superiority in settlers and harsh treatment of slaves and indentured servants. Trans-Atlantic interactions from 1600 to 1763 fostered change in labor systems through an increase in slave trade.

The next topic in a few of the documents(4,8, and 9) directly relate to the previous paragraph. The warfare techniques used by the Mongolians and devised by the Khans and the commanders. In doc.4 Juvaini, a former historian for the Mongols and later governor of Baghdad, wrote about how the army was arranged. It is arranged in such a manner that there are groups of ten with one of them being commander of the other nine. Ten groups of ten equal a larger squad with one of the hundred being the leader. Then 1,000 and the last rank 10,000 is called a tümen. Documents 8 and 9 are simply a letter from the Pope Innocent IV to Genghis Khan and a reply. The Pope basically saying that he has invaded many countries and does not spare anyone. His reply is to use Eternal Heaven as his excuse for killing. These two documents show that Genghis Khan was infamous and believed in a God, making him religious. He is like the Islamic people that fight for Allah. Pope Innocent IV believes that Genghis Khan is being irrational with all his killings and rages because he does not spare anyone. He is a reliable source due to his being a Pope and how influential a Pope is.

The pilgrimage is indeed an amazing phenomenon, which brings people together at a common goal, which is believed to be the essence or starting point of life and the ‘door’ to the afterlife. As we will discover, pilgrimages require great sacrifice, both financially and physically. Pilgrimages may give the impression of an act that is traditional and not ‘fit’ for our modern world. However, one who has not walked the pilgrimage may never see the insight that the pilgrims themselves see. One fact is certain and striking. The numbers of pilgrims at the world’s major shrines are still increasing.

William of Rubruck was a Flemish and Franciscan missionary and more importantly, a explorer. Following the orders of King Louis IX of France, Rubruck set out on mission to convert the Tartars of the Mongol Empire to Christianity, and also to report back on the cultural customs of the empire. His orders were not unlike other contemporary diplomatic missions of the time, Rubruck’s predecessors, Andre de Longjumeau and Giovanni da Pian del Carpine also followed similar instructions from Louis IX. Rubruck’s reports of his travels to and within the Mongolian Empire are unparalleled on detail and acute observations. With such details of markets, temples and the separate quarters for Muslim and Chinese craftsman included. Rubruck’s seminal work, The Journey Of William Of Rubruck To The Eastern Parts Of The World, is renowned for its writing style more inline with a personal memoir, rather than an officially chartered account. The Journey employs the technique of classical comparison in order to help its readers understand the events in the court of the great Khans at Karakorum. However, despite the great achievements in his work, Rubruck is far less a figure of study in modern day academic study. But this should not be the case. Comparison with his contemporaries and analysing historiographical trends, is going to prove the Rubruck is far a more reliable source than that of Longjumeau, Carpine and Marco Polo, and should be treated as

The knowledge of Catholicism displayed by the Kongolese was impressive. Though many Europeans “wondered about their penchant for such things as sacred stones and ancestors’ graves… they never doubted that the

In their role of empirical dominance throughout 13th century Eurasia, the Mongol’s were nomadic tribes of herders and raiders north of China, under the leadership of Genghis Khan. Born under the name Temujin, Genghis traits of charisma and reputation as a tactician won over his people’s support. Thus through the act of uniting groups of the steppe (region), he was crowned Khan of Khan in 1206. As quoted from Hugh Kennedy’s book Mongols, Huns and Viking's nomads at war” “the Mongols were triumphant in every major engagement fought up to ‘Ayan Jalut in 1260’ “. A crucial factor unique to this success was the nature of Mongol soldiers in which their life-styles demanded skills such as archery and horseback riding, which was also essential in

When coming across everything, they plunder prisoners or kill any people they can find (Doc 5). In Friar John’s accounts, he explains that in conquering a fort they make promises to convince people to surrender. This way when people surrender, they can pick who they want to keep as slaves, while the remaining are killed. This is to show the perspective of the Mongols warfare in the 13th century. With bravery and ruthlessness, they keep their enemies closer and the people who decide not to surrender will die. In relation to the Mongol defeat, a document written based on Marco Polo’s accounts were set out to explain order and obedience in the occurrence of total warfare. He noted that the Mongols’ military was extremely rough in their training as they punished anyone who tried to rebel against them (Doc 1). The military was brave and ruthlessness despite, of battle leading but all the qualities in war. The Mongols become efficient and were able to use their resources in resistance to their enemies. Their survival tactics showed power and expansion of an empire resulting to their reputation of fierce fighting in helping conquer many territories. Advancements of technology, created a strong military helping them unify themselves in a successful

**Describe and explain the continuities and changes in religious beliefs and practices in ONE of the following regions from 1450 to the

In this book, Jack Weatherford starts by portraying Temujin and the numerous hardships he faced as a young boy, from his father’s death and Temujin’s upcoming rivalry with the Tatars to his sudden responsibility for his family following his half-brother’s murder. Weatherford then went on to explain the inception and evolvement of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire. Subsequently, he illustrates the positive influences the Mongol Empire had over countries they gained control of ranging from advances in cultural communication to expansions in trade and religious freedom. In the final analysis, the story follows the Mongol Empire and the descendants of Genghis Khan following his death. Weatherford shows the different types of rulers the

Reuven Amitai mentions that the Mongols saw themselves as carrying out a divine mission to conquer the world. However, Amitai also questions whether that idea was universal among the Mongol army or whether only the officers of high rank had it. In any case this idea could have provided the Mongols with higher motivation and lesser amount of fear. George Lane, on the other hand, argues that the concept of divine Mongolian mission was not only believed in among the Mongols but also among the enemies. David Morgan argues that “it seems unlikely that in the beginning of the career of conquest the Mongols had seen themselves as having a divine commission to conquer the world. But they certainly

The start of the Mongol Empire began as a system of nomadic pastoralists who were extremely well experienced horsemen and traveled with their flocks of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses over the vast steppes of the prairielands of Central Asia. At the start of the Mongols rise to supremacy was the formation of tribal coalition known as “All the Mongols” (Saunders 1971) While the early tribal coalition was successful at establishing itself as a power in Manchuria and North China, it wasn’t until the rise of a well-known figure did the Mongols ascend to a force to fear and respect. That

This history text written by Jack Weatherford, Professor of Anthropology at Macalester College combines historical evidence and masterful storytelling. Weatherford, the only western scholar to be allowed into the Mongols, and into the forbidden burial site brings readers on his journey to tracking the once uncertain

For the layman, familiarity with the major religions stems from the stories that are associated with them. Using the narratives that are derived from the sacred texts is the most prominent way in which our society identifies the Western religions. The Jewish tradition is best correlated to stories like the Exodus and the parting of the Red Seas, for example, as are the many tales of the miracles of Jesus connected to Christianity. This essay will present narratives as an easy method of providing the basic groundwork for the Western religious traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam because of their simplicity and easily transmittable nature.