Analysis Of The YNCL: Empowering Young People

None of these jobs particularly interested her, and she decided to find an organization that helped to fight for Civils Rights. After Baker had spent three years in New York City, she joined the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). This foundation was established in 1909 (Richman). The organization’s aim was to work on the elimination of lynching and other discriminatory actions towards blacks. She became the assistant field secretary, and was sent all over the South to different branches (Richman). Her main job in the organization was to recruit and raise funds (Ella Baker’s Biography). The organization also began fighting against the Jim Crow laws. These laws legally allowed segregation throughout the South (Featherstone). In 1942, Ella was appointed the director of all local branches in the NAACP. “Ella Baker was involved in advising and organizing whatever actions were needed to satisfy the membership, from getting a traffic light on the corner, to fighting court battles for voting, creation of jobs, or educational opportunities.” (Richman).

The civil rights movement broadened the definition of leadership to include women, and left an impression of women as powerful and determined activists. Jo An Robinson and Ella Baker are just two of the many women who were able to take charge and make an impact on the movement. Robinson led the Women’s Political Council, which plotted strategy for a one-day bus boycott in Montgomery following Rosa Parks’ arrest. The Council was able to recruit clergy to lend their churches for mass meetings and was able to tap into a new minister in town, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. to lead the Montgomery Improvement Association, which would coordinate the larger Montgomery Bus Boycotts . It was the women that organized this key moment in the civil rights movement – which was, in fact, spurred by a woman, Rosa Parks, refusing to take her seat in the back of the bus. Ella Baker was similarly key in the Civil Rights movement. She was instrumental in organizing a conference of student sit-in activists in 1960, forming the beginning of what would become the SNCC. By educating and fostering leadership, Baker helped members to see themselves as potential leaders – regardless of race or gender. That does not mean that leadership in the

The most common ways women of different ethnicities were held back were by being barred from certain jobs. Black, and Latina women were not allowed to work in the southern textile industry, or hold a secretarial job like many white women did. Instead they were forced to become maids, and laundresses. (Schaller 594) Another example of the lack of improvement for women in minorities is the percentage of young Italian girls who were withdrawn from school, in order for them to help support their family. Roughly 90% left school at the age of 14 to find work. (Schaller 629) Even though white women were steadily making progress towards equality with their own organizations, african american women did not see such immediate progress. So they decided to create their own similar groups such as the National Association of Colored Women. This group took its stance on it’s own separate set of issues such as lynching, and defending the respect of black women. (Schaller 686) Ida B. Wells, a founding member of the NAACP took the lead on the lynchings, her crusade lead her to flee the south before she eventually settled down in Chicago. She continued to receive death threats had she returned to Memphis but, she continued her campaign and ended up taking it abroad.  There she would form London’s Anti-Lynching Committee, this would causes waves all the way to Memphis, where

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Dr. King's explicit audience for the letter were the clergymen who were critical of the demonstrations and even questioned Dr. King's right to be in Birmingham in the first place. Dr. King explained, to begin with, that his position as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) brought him to Birmingham, as he had been invited by an affiliate organization. Dr. King further made the case that no invitation was really necessary. As he stated, "I am in Birmingham because injustice is here...Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." The injustices in Birmingham, he argued, affected every citizen of the United States. No one could be an "outsider' in one's own country or become involved in a cause that was not his as determined by geographic demarcation. The cause of freedom was the right and the responsibility of every American. It was to this much larger audience that Dr. King wrote. In particular, the section in which Dr. King described the pain and humiliation suffered by blacks was meant for a white audience. African-Americans

In the fifties, segregation existed in every state, but it was strongest in the South where Public Schools, transportation, hotels, and restaurants were all segregated. King convinced thousands of African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama to refuse to ride the city buses because they were segregated. For thirteen months African Americans in Montgomery walked to work instead of riding the segregated buses. Eventually, the loss of revenue and a decision by the Supreme Court forced the Montgomery Bus Company to accept integration. After his success in Montgomery, King organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which gave him a base to pursue further civil rights activities, first in the South and later nationwide. In 1960 King moved himself and his family to Montgomery to devote more of his effort towards the work of the SCLC. King traveled the country making speeches and inspiring people to become involved in the civil rights movement. King argued that as African Americans made up ten percent of the population, they had considerable economic power. By selective buying, they could reward companies that were sympathetic to the civil rights movement while punishing those who still segregated their workforce. By boycotting, they were able to pressure the companies into hiring more African Americans. King wrote a book in 1958 entitled Stride Toward

Paragraph two, Mr. King summaries the hierarchical leadership in his organization and the relationship he has with other organizations that also follows with his marching to equal rights. He mentions that he is the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. “I think I should indicate that I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against “outsiders coming in.” I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia” Luther King Jr. (412). Mr. Kings wants to make sure that the clergyman knows the exact reason to why he is marching to the city with his commission organizations. I think he did this to introduce himself on what kind an important position he holds as a Southern Christian Leadership, this is a perfect part of an important information he detailed on.

uses in his letter is ethos. Ethos appeals to an audience, the credibility, and the trustworthiness of the writer and the writer position (Kirszner and Mandell 12, 13). The audience see’s King and his followers are problems causers. The audience does not believe that they have any right to come into the town of Birmingham and protest. King challenges the audience beliefs by saying, “I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights” (King). This quote shows that king is a leader of a religious organization just like the clergymen. This shows the audience that they and King have something in common: from this the audience sees King a more trustworthy person. King also shows that he is a leader of a large organization that is presented in all the southern states. He also states that the clergymen and King, himself, share staff and resources whenever it is possible. (King) This information gives King a reliable reason for his actions and gives the audience more reasons to trust and agree with his situation. (King)

The gender bias found in relation to leadership in the civil rights movement often excludes African-American women’s contributions as being of less importance and prominence; however, in hindsight informal leaders were on equal level with formal leaders and bridge leaders served an important function resulting from exclusion.

King states, “I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South....” One purpose of the introduction is to set up his trustworthiness as a citizen of the United States of America.

Under the leadership of Martin Luther King, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), bought the Black Civil Rights Movement and his desegregation concepts to Birmingham in 1963 for several reasons. The most pivotal of these reasons being his African American racial status and his Christian faith which drove him to fight for the rights his people deserved.

King used ethical appeals to show his credibility to the clergymen which showed them that he knows what he is talking about because he has experience since he is African American himself. One thing he did in his letter was tell how he was not an amateur at events that led to imprisonment by using ethical appeals. In his letter he stated, “I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South” (King 1). The dialogue shows that he was a man of good character because everyone wants their rights but he was consistent in his nonviolent approach in getting it for his race. He was the leader of a nonviolent group of African Americans who never broke just laws but broke the unjust ones which were not man-made laws. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is labeled as credible because it was created to coordinate the action of local protest groups throughout the South in a peaceful manner. He was an activist for African Americans so he knew how they have suffered because he has been involved with a lot of the violent altercations himself. King’s use of ethos should

Following the non-violent principles of Gandhi, King ignited hope into the eyes of thousands of African Americans for equal rights. Early in his career he realized that non-violent protest was the most efficient way of achieving his goal. He stated that: "I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom." In seeking to continue and expand the non-violent struggle against discrimination, King, along with other Black ministers, set up the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. As a result of his consistent commitment to nonviolence, black college students began to launch a series of sit-ins at lunch counters and public places where segregation was existent (King 39).

Baker started to adopt kids around the world and called them the “Rainbow Tribe” (Trex 6). Baker created the “Rainbow Tribe” to change how people view different races can live together in harmony. This project of hers and much more made a positive influence during the civil rights movement

Ida B. Wells-Barnett dedicated her life to social justice and equality. She devoted her tremendous energies to building the foundations of African-American progress in business, politics, and law. Wells-Barnett was a key participant in the formation of the National Association of Colored Women as well as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She spoke eloquently in support of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The legacies of these organizations have been tremendous and her contribution to each was timely and indespensible. But no cause challenged the courage and integrity of Ida B. Wells-Barnett as much as her battle against mob violence and the terror of lynching at the end of