Analytical Essay : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

With over 30 million people having diabetes, the prevalence is continuing to rise. An estimated 200,000 American youth are effected by type 1 diabetes and 40,000 new cases are diagnosed each year¹. The rate for type 1 diabetes in youth has increased by 1.8% each year. In comparison, the prevalence for type 2 diabetes in youth has increased at a rate of 4.8% annually². No matter whether diabetes is type 1 or type 2 in children, family involvement is essential for optimal outcomes³.

According to the United States Library of Medicine, diabetes is a disease that occurs when the body does not make or use insulin correctly, therefore causing fluctuating amounts of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of adults and children from various cultures. According to the American Diabetes Association (2014), someone is diagnosed with diabetes every 19 seconds. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention most recent statistical report indicated there were 29.1 million adults and children affected by diabetes. Those numbers are astounding. Unfortunately, the American Diabetes Association (2014) estimates by year of 2050, one out of three adults will have diabetes. Therefore, it is imperative that adults take aggressive measures to prevent this disease. By the same token, diabetes diagnosed in children and adolescent is becoming more prevalent every day. The American Diabetes Association (2014) reported there were about 216, 00 children in the United States with diabetes. It is predicted that one out three children will be diagnosed with diabetes in their life. The statistics for both adults and children with diabetes are frightening; however, early detection can help lower the risk of developing the debilitating effects of diabetes.

In the United States and in many other countries around the world more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In the past, children who were diagnosed with diabetes were diagnosed with type 1. Type 1 diabetes affects many children in which they are unable to produce insulin. However, as times have changed children are now being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes which is a chronic illness that usually affects adults. Type 2 diabetes develops when the person is not able to produce enough insulin, and if insulin is being produce it is not effective. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes are type 2 (2012). About 215,000 children in the United States are

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported with increased frequency over the last twenty years in adolescents and children in the United States. As a result of T2DM glucose metabolism within the body of affected adolescents and children is severely compromised. Formerly known as adult onset and/or insulin resistant diabetes T2DM occurs due to the cell inability to properly use insulin which then results in lowered secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistance. Proactive steps if taken during pre-diabetic stages in the form of increased activity, dietary changes, weight reduction, and use of medicinal intervention in order to increase sensitivity to insulin and decrease production of glucose helps

Type 2 diabetes, diabetes mellitus, is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels in the bloodstream; usually caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin or the inability of the body to use it efficiently. This condition occurs mostly in adults, but it can also appear in children, teenagers, and young adults. Considered one of the fastest growing health problems in the United States, diabetes now affects 29.1 million people, where only 21.0 million are diagnosed and 8.9 million are undiagnosed (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Dana Dabelea et. al (2014) reported that from 2001 to 2009, cases of diabetes among youth increased 35% in different regions of the United States, including California, Colorado, Ohio, South Carolina, Washington, Arizona and New Mexico. Overall, in 2010 the US Census recorded that 24.0% of the population are youth under the age of 18 from which about 0.25% of those children have been diagnosed with diabetes in 2008 and 2009 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). More recent data indicates that the number of prevalence among youth continues to increase, and in 2014, about 20,000 children had type 2 diabetes (Narasimhan and Weinstock, 2014). Yet, even though there are still discussions on the different tools used to diagnose type 2 diabetes, it is prevalent most commonly among the minority population, but efforts to educate

Studies indicate that 13 million people have access to medication, but the remaining 5.2 million remains undiagnosed (Hynes 2). High levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been reported in children and adolescents among many geographical regions of the world. Hillier and Pedula projected that by 2020, type 2 diabetes mellitus will exceed the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the United States (1). Between 1967 and 1998, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus doubled among the Pima Indian youths (Pavkov et al. 1).

Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune dysfunction characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, lack of insulin resistance, or both with the involvement of destruction of cells known as beta cells, which produce insulin in the organ called pancreas. The pathophysiology behind this metabolic disorder is that there are two types of diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2 and are two very distinct entities. For those who predispose to Type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection which will lead to a production of autoantibodies therefore, killing the beta cells which will decline in and an ultimate lack of insulin secretion. Insulin deficiency will then occur, when a great amount of beta cells are destroyed leading to the sign of hyperglycemia, enhanced lipolysis, and protein catabolism. Having its juvenile onset it is insulin dependent. Making the pancreas secrete little or no insulin . Replacing it with synthetic insulins such as rapid acting, regular, intermediate, and long acting insulin to counteract.

Diabetes mellitus, or better known as Diabetes, is an endocrine system disorder. In this case, your body is unable to produce enough or any insulin at all. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, has a very important role. When sugar is ingested from food, it is turned into energy for the cells in our body. Without insulin, the transfer of sugar into the cells would be compromised. Insulin is also vital to keep the right balance of sugar in the bloodstream (Hess-Fischl, 2015). If too much insulin is produced, blood sugar levels are decreased resulting in hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia occurs when the blood sugar levels are increased (Sargis, n.d.).

Type 2 diabetes can progress at any age. It mostly seen during adulthood, but because of the poor living choices type 2 diabetes in children is

Throughout history, diabetes has been seen as an epidemic among children, teens, and adolescents all over the world. As years pass, scientists have researched different ways to cure such a disease. With no luck, only treatments have been given with such things like insulin which lowers blood sugar. There are two types of diabetes, Type 1 and Type 2. The first kind of diabetes is genetic and is obtained at birth, which the second kind is based upon lifestyle. Although Type 1 diabetes is not preventable, type 2 is. The ways to avoid diabetes is by participating in physical activity, managing a healthy diet, and maintaining an efficient weight.

How much do you know about diabetes? You might have it and not even know. Diabetes is not always bad though, you can sometimes get rid of it! The purpose of this paper is to define and give statistics about Juvenile Diabetes; also its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment; and related preventive measures and future outlook of the disease.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects how an individual’s body metabolizes glucose (Blair, 2016; Franks, 2012; Scobie, McLean, & Samaras, 2014; Spears, Schub, & Pravikoff, 2015; WebMD, 2016c). People diagnosed with type 2 diabetes do not produce a sufficient amount of insulin to keep up with the demands of the body; which leads to hyperglycemia (Blair, 2016; Franks, 2012; Scobie et al., 2014; Spears et al., 2015; WebMD, 2016c). Glucose is the main source of energy humans use and insulin makes it possible for cells of the body to use glucose properly. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting 33% of individuals in the United States (Blair, 2016; Franks, 2012; Todkar, 2016). However, due to its insidious nature, many people go undiagnosed until serious complications arise (Blair, 2016; Franks, 2012; Scobie et al., 2014; Spears et al., 2015; WebMD, 2016c). Symptoms of type 2 diabetes include migraines, weight changes, polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision, numbness, and frequent infections (Scobie et al., 2014; Spears et al., 2015; Todkar, 2016; WebMD, 2016c). There are five commonly used tests of diagnosing type 2 (Blair, 2016; Scobie et al., 2014; Spears et al., 2015). Diagnostic tests are for testing for type 2 diabetes are provided (see Appendix). This paper will discuss causes and risk factors, complications, management, and coping with the disease.

What was once thought to be found only among adults has become one of the most common chronic diseases among children in the United States. Ordinarily, when diabetes strikes during childhood it is assumed to be type 1. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study began in 2000 and has provided the most comprehensive estimates of the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes among youth less than 20 years of age in the US (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that annually, an estimated 18,436 youth are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, and 5,089 youth are diagnosed with type 2 among youth. In the last two decades, type 2 diabetes, has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency. Disease researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made the prediction that one in three children born in the United States in 2000 will likely develop type 2 diabetes sometime in their lifetime unless they get more exercise and improve their diets, particularly for Latino children (CDC, 2014). Without changes in diet and exercise, their odds of developing diabetes as they grow older was about 50-50.

The study included 64 diabetic children with T1DM with a mean age of 11.7± 3.6 years; 26 boys and 38 girls. They were enrolled from the attendants of pediatric genetic and endocrinology unit and pediatric outpatient clinic of Menoufia university Hospitals, Egypt. The study was conducted in the period from January 2015 to March 2016. Diagnosis of T1DM patients was based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria [9]. Patients were followed up , regularly checked and investigated accordingly for diabetic complications , their current treatment regimens. Cases suffering from 2ry diabetes , or having chronic-related diseases , like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism or hypoadrenalism were excluded.

Diabetes mellitus is a generalized, chronic metabolic disorder manifesting itself, in its fully developed form, by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, increased protein breakdown, ketosis and acidosis. If the disease is prolonged, it is usually complicated by degenerative disease of the blood vessels, the retina, the kidneys and the nervous system1.