Analyzing Peter Doolittle's Ted Talk Working Memory

Outline and evaluate the memory model. The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. It is an alternative model that replaces the simple concept of short term memory. It suggests that our memory is made up of a central executive and two slave systems.

What is…. And what could be? That is how a presentation can go depending on how you present your message. Using Steve Jobs and MLK (both known to history as being great speakers and motivators), Nancy Duarte showed that these men did not rely on some pre-written speech to dictate how their messages would come across. Establishing your point, acknowledging what is and what could be, and finally say why others should listen to what you have to say. It is also critical to make sure you are addressing the right audience. If you stick to a boring presentation, there is no clear vision for the future.

The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. They replaced the concept of short- term memory, which was proposed in 1986 by Atkinson- Shiffrin model because they believed the model-lacked detail. Every day we have occasions where we keep particular pieces of important information briefly in our mind, storing them until an opportunity arises. For example remembering a phone number while you are hearing it and dialling it or holding directions in your mind until you get to that landmark (take the first right, continue for three miles, past the university and then the third exit at the roundabout). There might be times where the person can have solutions to a problem for example in a chess game. The

Describe and discuss evidence for the Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974, Baddeley, 1986). Introduction The Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974, Badelley 1986) has an important role to play in complicated cognition in a person’s life. This essay will describe and discuss evidence for the Working Memory Model, which is one of the most important theories for memory aimed to understand how the person takes control and stores information during a task. The Model gives us a helping hand in how the memory is used in day-to-day activities and for example to understand if the memory works harder with more complicated tasks and if it works easier with simpler tasks.

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.

What does it take to prepare a successful speech? There are many factors to take into account when becoming an effective speaker. First, I need to make sure that I am audience-centered. This means that I will need to “keep the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.” This means that I need to take into consideration the demographic and situational factors. Demographic audience analysis is when I focus the audience’s demographic factors such as age and gender. For example, when doing a presentation in a classroom setting, I will need to adjust my speech to make it less formal and more humourous because the audience is students who are in their late teens. This will help gain the interest of my classmates. When a politician does a speech for their party, they need to take into consideration that the age of the citizens, the different religions, sexual orientations, and people’s different cultural and racial background. Their presentation will be quite formal for people to take them seriously. When

The working memory model theory was introduced by Baddeley and Hitch as an alternative option to the multistore model version of the short term memory. It is much more in depth and detailed than the multistore model version, therefore it is a better option. The working memory model has four components: the central executive which acts as a leader for the other three stores by allocating attention and monitoring the activities of the other components. The phonological loop has two sub-components, the phonological store which stores speech for a very limited duration of time and the articulatory control system which rehearses the speech stored in the phonological store. The visuo-spatial sketchpad which deals with visual and spatial information and retrieves this kind of information from the long term

I ensured whilst I made my presentation that I spoke clearly and steadily. I have a tendency to talk quickly so I paid particular attention to controlling the speed of my voice. I also ensured I maintained eye contact with my audience and tried not to focus just on one individual.

Three (3) techniques are ideal for practicing your speech and memorizing it very effectively. The first one is called the mental crowd simulator. To explain what it is in a few lines, we can say that it can be compared to daydreaming. You know, just like when you daydream while your favorite song is playing and at the same time, you are imagining yourself singing that song in front of a huge crowd? Well, this technique works the same way, where you have already memorized your speech, and you imagine yourself giving that speech to a large audience.

Question 1: Working memory is the focus of the brain training program described in the NYT article. Arguably the most well-known model of working memory has been put forward by Alan Baddeley. How has Baddeley conceptualized working memory? What brain regions have been shown to support this skill? Alan Baddeley has conceptualized working memory as a system that stores information in the short term through the use of three different components (Baddeley, 2003).

After all, who can just sit in front of a speaker and take in all the formal information they are dumping at you at a constant rate. This is why one of the biggest tricks towards making a successful speech is story-telling. Start of your speech by re-telling a personal story that might engage the audience. Make sure that your story involves a lot to which your audience can relate to, as well as, that your story is relevant to your topic, and concise in length. Trust me, this will have a hypnotic effect on your audience, and it will create a trustful atmosphere in the room. If you do not feel like story-telling during your speech, or you simply cannot think of one at the time, then feel free to replace this with humour, and visuals! Humour evokes many emotions from the audience such as joy, surprise, calmness, and even friendship. When humour is added to presentations, the audience is more attentive, responsive, and in turn, your self esteem rises when you realize your audience is having fun. The same goes for using visuals. The audience wants to see the evidence to your conclusions, by witnessing them with their own two eyes. Make sure to have diagrams and illustration during your presentation if necessary. [Wait, does this mean I have to tell my audience a story as well? Is it hypocritical if I do not? Will it add humour and understand if I do? And how do I incorporate a good story with humour for the audience into this? I know it definitely means I need to add more

This experiment will deal with working memory, the system that is responsible for the holding and processing of information for reasoning, comprehension and learning. Memory is important to psychology because it can be affected or damaged by a number of factors, The study we are replicating specifically deals with the effects of classical music on working memory. In dealing with the effect of music on memory, Psychologists Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s 1974 working memory model will come into play.

Two important elements in understanding your audience is understanding who you’re speaking too and everyday struggles. Know your audience what are their ages, male, female status, education level, religion, language and culture? These factors will be the most important part of your speech. Knowing who your audience is will help you learn information that can help you to build a common understanding between you and the audience. An important key in public speaking situations is the imbalanced sharing of speaking time between the speaker and audience. The speaker talks more and the audience listens repeatedly without asking questions or responding with any reactions or responses to something.

In addition to the structure and content of message in the presentation, the way I deliver, will also have an influence on the audiences. The skills I need to make an effective presentation are essentially the same as the conversational skills that I have been using all my life.

This about you, what you want to accomplish with the presentation and how you are going to attain the goal of getting them “there.” Make sure your goal is an achievable challenge. At this point your goal becomes your big idea. This is where it becomes about the audience. You want the audience to change to your side basically, whether it is to your opinion, to buy a specific product, or to implement a new idea. The big idea is how you get them to change, how you get them from “here” to “there.” Most presentations look like a squiggly line, veering off in different direction with radical turns throughout. You need to make a straight line approach, the most effective path. Your objective is to effectively get the audience to change, you are not there to be interesting. Always remember to use the rule of three, it has worked in literature, comedy, and in memories. Simply put people are more likely to remember things in threes. For a presentation you must consolidate it down to three concepts.