Analyzing The Denial Of Responsibility

In the early days of computing, a hacker was primarily referred to as a computer guru, someone who is extremely technical with a high expertise in computer also known as “Expert Programmers”. Nevertheless, as technology is advancing at a face pace, hacking has adopted a completely different definition. The modern definition is someone who access a computer system primarily to steal or destroy information. Hacking has caused major harm in the realm of technology. Over the years, hackers have become much more lethal in their craft. They manage to break into complex information systems from entities such as banks, government agencies, and private businesses. Furthermore, they often manipulate their victims through social engineering in order to obtain financial benefits. Hackers hold different label such as: black hat hacker and white hat hacker in which all have their own motives.

Cyber crime has an impact of businesses and people within the community is various ways. Millions are lost everyday trying to repair the damage that they’ve done. The people that commit these crimes are computer nerds who are just looking for bragging rights with their friends. Some of these people do break into organizations to steal money or personal information. They could even be spying on a competitor company for secrets.

Despite Kenneth argues that hacktivism is morally impermissible due to its moral disvalue by referring that hacker are trying to get away from punishment and negatively affect innocent third party, I believe that non-malicious hacktivism is morally permissible. I will attack her points by arguing if the intellectual property rights is unnecessary, there will not be any legitimate punishments. Then from the utilitirism side, I will discuss the moral value or benefits of hacktivism is over its moral disvalue to the whole society.

However, there is a significant portion of culprits aiming for secretive intellectual properties, much more than their Eastern European counterparts, whose goal is profit from toxic malwares (Kshetri 2013). Interestingly, Chinese intrinsic hackers hack for some noble causes such as patriotism, political and communal obligations (Kshetri 2013). Typical Chinese perpetrators are overwhelmingly males working individually. They are young amateurs, mostly 17 to 45 years old, with some still in junior high-school. They use toolkits, botnets predisposed online for petty crimes. Contrast to common belief, most don’t receive good education, usually high-school students, unemployed individuals, low-rank employees or manual workers. Group based cyber crimes, on the other hand, are more complicated. These groups are highly specialized, diversely scattered and horizontally organized. They are tailored to specific task-for-hire such as creating botnets or releasing Trojan malwares. Their members are located across China and work as equal with little to none hierarchical order. The interconnectedness and space-time boundlessness of cyber-world help them expand greatly, even passing through sovereign borders with one incident when Chinese hackers attacked the US conglomerate DuPont somewhere between 2009 and 2010. Due to the wild success of online frauds, many traditional criminal organizations have switched to Internet based operations. Some online groups go further and get backed up by legitimate corporates seeking extra profit under the table (Chan & Wang

Hacktivism is the act of hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose. This term has been around since the 1980s, but never has it been more prevalent than now. It seems that not a week can go by without one of these online incidents appearing on the news. With technology advancing, it raises the following question: Are hacktivists beneficial or detrimental to society? After a careful analysis of the pros and cons, one side of this question becomes increasing favorable. Hacktivism is a good thing for society.

Among Nir Zigdon, various others have spiked a surprising increase in internet based hacktivism. These new hacktivists have brought with them a new form of law enforcement punishment on the basis of hacktivist crime. The impressive amounts of protests and internet sit ins went hand in hand with law enforcement that was equally as impressive. FBI and police have detained hundreds of activists and levied astronomical fines sometimes reaching nearly $500,000 over the past year (Coleman, 401-402). By increasing penalties, law enforcement ensure that hacktivism would cease. For instance, hackers of the Islamic State known as the Cyber Caliphate seized control of the U.S Central Command’s Twitter account and hijacked a French T.V network in early April. These hackers were to be found with lifelong sentences in detainment facilities if ever caught. With the wake of hacktivism, law enforcement have placed astronomical punishments to derail hacking-based crimes. It is foolish to concur with the many who dispute for the hacktivists to be unchained and freed of their fines however supporting the curtailment of the fines being placed would be wise. To dwindle the numbers of hacktivist related crimes, law enforcement have become insistent on the

"Hackers", on the other hand probably view the system more abstractly, as a resource waiting to be used at the end of a telephone line, a challenge beckoning them, calling to them irresistibly, whispering to them, "There will be no damage done and no one will be the wiser."

The psychology aspects of cybersecurity define the hacker motives or psychology. Hackers are driven from monetary gains to political to pleasure-seeking to intimidation to intuition to revenge or to a desire to make systems more secure. But black and grey hat hackers are normally driven by monetary gains. Some hacking that impact on human factors may be ethical, legal or purely psychological.

As the world becomes more and more reliant on computers the computer hacking industry is greatly rising. With people such as Kevin Mitnick, who is known as a "computer terrorist" (Kjochaiche 1), computerized information isn't safe any more. Kevin is known as "the most high-profiled computer criminal and responsible for more havoc in the computer world today."(1) He considered this a fun and easy task. He got caught and thrown into prison, but once he got out nothing changed. Kevin stated that as long as the technology is there it just calls to people to break into it. Computer hackers usually start off young, thinking that it is nothing but a little harmless fun. But as they get older, they realize it has turned into

For an extended period extending towards the end of 2014 until now, incidences of cyber security attacks on financial institutions have not only grown in number but also become sophisticated (Global banking and payment systems Practice, 2015). Lately, the criminals try to match the new security control measures with advanced security breach mechanisms and software. These criminals are known to introduce hybrid systems or devices like the variant DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service), which renders a system useless for some period. Others have referred to traditional means such as spoofing, which makes an organization 's email address vulnerable by creating traffic on it after that the hacker retrieves some vital information (Serb e al, 2014). But even with that, it leaves many to think of the necessary measures to put in place, to avert this global paradox. Consequently, for the many incidences reported and the enormous sums of money looted, not to mention the data breaches, there remains one question that never seems to escape the minds of the stakeholders and victims of these gangs’ internet attacks. The question revolves around the reason as to why these incidences seem to be on the rise and not very many culprits are being reprimanded for their heinous acts. In other words, are there real causes of these issues or it is a matter of inside jobs as many testimonies have revealed after the culprits are snubbed in the act of trying to loot from financial institutions.

Computer crime which can be also referred to as a cybercrime, e – crime or a hi-tech crime. Computer crime can be termed as an event which is dome by a computer user who is sometimes referred to as a hacker. The hacker is mainly involved in some sort of activity which can be termed as an illogical activity by means of which browsing or stealing the information of the private company or individual are obtained with the intention of personal benefits which can be obtained from the prospective of the hacker (Ezeano et al., 2017). In some cases, it can be seen that the group of people or individual may be malicious and destroy or to be precise corrupt the computer and the files which are stored in the system. There is different type of crimes which are performed on a variety of platform which impact a varied sectors and a varied audience. The main way to conduct the crime is the use of a network and a computer system. In some cases, it has been noted that the use of computers has been used to commit the crime, and on other cases it is seen that the main target of the attack is the computer of the user (Mazurczyk, Holt & Szczypiorski, 2016).

Day by Day cyber-crimes have becomes more & more popular with dramatic increase in no of internet users. The Hackers are the persons responsible for this type of crime issues those type of typical people studies the weakness of a System as their advantage to make achieve his/her

    Abstract: This paper investigates and substantiates the potential for hackers to cause damage in the physical world. A fictional case study is provided along with an analysis of past, present, and future technological threats. The combination of a historic apathy towards computer security and an increased reliance on technology may soon lead to a real-world "cybercatastrophe".

In the recent past there have been developments and issues that have arisen in regards to the internet. One development and issue is ethical hacking. To understand ethical hacking one must be able to define what it means to be a hacker. “A hacker is an individual who intends to gain unauthorized access to a computer system” (Laudon & Traver, 2015). Oxford Dictionaries defines an ethical hacker as “a person who hacks into a computer network in order to test or evaluate its security, rather than with malicious or criminal intent” (Ethical Hacker, n.d.). In other words, an ethical hacker aims to discover if any vulnerabilities exist in the system so the vulnerabilities can be fixed before a malicious hacker can exploit them. With ethical hacking being a new development, there have been news articles discussing the boons and concerns of its practice.

“Cyberwarfare is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes” (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The term hacker came about in the early 80’s defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. However, in 2016 the Oxford Dictionary defines hacker as “a person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data”. In the early stages of cybercrime hackers spread programs called worms, computer viruses and trojan