Anatomy And Physiology Study Guide

Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They are tough on the outside, but on the inside they have a sponge-like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining strength. They are designed to maintain the body’s structure and support the body’s movement and are used to protect weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.

Homeostasis is what allows our internal system to maintain at a constant condition. In order to maintain equilibrium the body must communicate using the control system. It is essential that the body monitors its conditions whether that be blood pressure, thirst sensation or body temperature (this is either gained or lost). Negative feedback is most important and comes first, this allows for the body to correct itself and get back to a set point when it is off track. There are three components that link with this feedback. A sensor (receptor) sends signals to the control center that something is unusual, the control center compares the many values of our normal body range and decides

4. Organ level- Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

All of these different parts work like organs in a living body, and they are all required and needed to keep the body/organism in a working condition.

consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells

2. Describe and give at least one example of each of the functions of the integumentary system.

The matrix of a tissue can be secreted by the connective tissues within the body. The functions of connective tissues are to transport materials around the body to give support to the weak areas to protect and support the body.

The circulatory system and the respiratory system work closely together to ensure that organ tissues and systems receive enough oxygen. Oxygen is required for cellular functions such as cell respiration. This is so the body’s organs and cells can work at fully; it is done by releasing chemical energy with in stored foods. The air breathed in and held in the lungs is transferred to the blood. The blood is circulated by the heart, which pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body organs and returns with deoxygenated blood.

|Required: |Heart |The heart and circulatory system | Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the |

*Endocrine glands produce – hormones, they work with other hormones to perform many functions including: control water & electrolyte balance, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, working as neurotransmitters, maintaining stress & inflammation, regulate reproductive functions

The endocrine system is the system of the body in which releases hormones into the bloodstream. The hormones then cause different reactions within the body, and these reactions shape

The first type of tissue found in the human body is epithelial tissue. These types of tissue are found covering the whole surface of the body, lining of cavities, hollow organs and tubes. The cells a very closely packed and are arranged in one

and other substances that are reabsorbed back into the body. It is also responsible for

Define equilibrium potential: Equilibrium channels can be calculated using the Nernst Equation and the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Equilibrium potentials are membrane potentials when an ion does not diffuse through the membrane. It is also associated with potassium leaving the cell through leak channels.

​The physiology of the epithelial cell is that it forms the functional elements of the inner surface and line of blood, secretory glands, and the lymphatic vessels. It performs different functions including excretion, absorption, protection, secretion and gas exchange among others. The skin performs the protection function. The absorption function is through the intestines, secretion through the glands, gas exchange through the blood and lung vessels and excretion through the kidney.