Anatomy : Description Of Pathology

GERD is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter. When the lower esophageal sphincter gets weak, the acid backed up in the esophagus causing pain and discomfort. Heart burn is a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and it is caused by the irritation of the stomach acid (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2012). This can create a burning discomfort in the upper abdomen.

This condition is characterized by symptoms and complications that result from reflux or back of gastric content into the esophagus that extent also into the oral cavity or even the lungs. Common signs and symptoms of this condition include heartburn( burning/stinging), and does note that radiates to the back such as in the case of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). Furthermore, other symptoms patients may experience are a chronic cough, bronchospasm, chest pain not related to a cardiomyopathy, hoarseness, early satiety, abdominal fullness, bloating with belching. Complications related to this disorder are closely linked to esophageal ulceration, hematemesis, melena, stricture development(Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel,

     In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.

When suffering from GERD, it is important to know how to adjust in order to decrease the likelihood from suffering from signs and symptoms of this disease. A person with GERD should try to figure out what kind of food triggers the reflux. There are many foods that may irritate our stomach, for example, coffee, alcohols, tomatoes, and fatty foods, however, each and every one of us may be sensitive for a particular food/beverage and once we find out what it is we have to eliminate it. It is also crucial to decrease the size of our meal. If we are prone to acid reflux, it is important that we don’t lie flat for three hours after we have eaten a meal or snack.

GERD is a condition caused by stomach acid or stomach content coming up from the stomach into the esophagus. This backwash causes irritation in the esophagus, as the stomach acid damages the esophageal lining. Most cases of GERD occur in infants and adults. For infants, the most common cause of GERD is due to pyloric stenosis, a condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract as it narrows the pylorus. This causes food to flow backward as it cannot make its way to the stomach, thus causing the baby to vomit. In adults, the most common cause of

GERD disease, commonly referred to as GERD or acid reflux, is a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates (backs up or refluxes) into the esophagus. The liquid can inflame and damage the lining (esophagitis) although visible signs of inflammation occur in a minority of patients. The regurgitated liquid usually contains acid and pepsin that are produced by the stomach. (Pepsin is an enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach.) The refluxed liquid also may contain bile that has backed-up into the stomach from the duodenum. The first part of the small intestine attached to the stomach. Acid is believed to be the most injurious component of the refluxed liquid.

Commonly known as heartburn or reflux, is a condition where reflux of the gastric content into the oesophagus leads to symptoms which significantly impact a person's quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd is the most prevalent acid related disorder and is associated with significant impairment of health-related quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd occurs when acid and food in the stomach back up into the esophagus.Gerd often occurs when the lower muscle (sphincter) of the esophagus does not close properly. The sphincter normally opens to let food into the stomach. It then closes to keep food and stomach acid in the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, stomach acid and food back up (reflux) into the esophagus. The following may increase your risk for gerd. Gerd may be associated with several extra esophageal syndromes such as chronic cough, asthma, laryngitis, oropharyngeal ulceration and dental erosions. Available evidence indicates that therapy response rates in gerd are related to the degree of acid suppression achieved. Having an appropriate discussion with a physician is key to understanding the condition, available treatment options and the degree to which acid suppression can be achieved.

First of all, explained the most frequent clinical manifestation of GERD, which is a heartburn, it occurs 30 to 60 minutes after eating. Therefore, patient should: eating smaller portions, consuming less fat, avoiding laying down for at least two hours after eating, avoiding snacks before bedtime, wearing loose clothing, elevating the head of the bed about six inches, avoiding alcohol, particularly red wine., tobacco, and foods that trigger symptoms such as black pepper, garlic, raw onions, and other spicy foods, chocolate, citrus fruits and products, such as oranges and orange juice, coffee and caffeinated drinks, including tea and soda, peppermint and tomatoes (Badillo & Francis,

Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), commonly known as Acid Reflux, is a disease that is now affecting a lot of teenagers over the world. GERD is a heartburn caused by a leaky valve at the base of your esophagus that allows stomach acid to regurgitate (Livestrong). GERD is also caused by a bacteria found in your stomach known as Helicobacter Pylori. H. Pylori attacks the lining of your stomach and later when it has done enough damage, acidic fluid is able to get through the lining and into your esophagus, causing a heartburn (WebMD). Most people do acquire h. pylori during their childhood but most only develop its symptoms later on in life and some are never affected by the bacteria, never developing any symptoms.

Barret’s Esophagus is a serious complication of GERD, in which stands for Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease. With Barret’s esophagus normal tissue lining the esophagus; the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine, this process is called intestinal metaplasia ("Barret's esophagus: Symptoms," 2005). Patients who are diagnosed with Barret’s esophagus are at an increase risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is cancer of the esophagus and can be fatal.

Indications: Age > 18 years and < 80 years symptomatic GERD patient for at least 6 months who having partially or complete response to medical treatment

Functional studies showed decreased LES function with a low amplitude of acid clearance and primary esophageal peristalsis in cirrhotics with large varices [9]. These phenomena could also be due to a mechanical effect of the varices. Cirrhotic patients without EV have also esophageal motor disorders and mixed acid and bile reflux as the main pattern whereas the cirrhosis itself was an important causative factor. It is unclear whether this might contribute to bleeding from varices [8]. Data on management of GERD in cirrhosis are few, however, the indications of use for PPIs may remain exactly the same also in patient with cirrhosis of the liver as general population for the treatment of erosive esophagitis or in general the pathology secondary to gastroesophageal reflux acid (10)

The esophagus is a tube composed of tissue and smooth muscle, approximately 10 inches long and 1 inch in diameter, which transports ingested material to the stomach (Kahrilas 2016). Where the stomach and esophagus meet, there is a 1.0-1.5 inch long ring of smooth muscle known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which opens and closes, allowing for movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach (Herbella 2010). Most people experience gastric juices escaping into their esophagus very occasionally, such as after very large meals or consuming high fat, spicy or acidic foods (Kahrilas 2016); however, if this results in tissue damage, or other harmful and/or painful symptoms, it may be classified as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Some common disorders associated with gastric acid secretion are gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis. For example, in gastroesophageal reflux disease, high gastric contents enter and remain in the lower part of the esophagus due to weakened esophageal sphincter, abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, alcohol consumption or cigarettes smoking. Usually, the lower esophageal sphincter maintains enough pressure around the lower end of the esophagus to close it and prevent reflux (McPhee and Hammer, 2012). Sometimes the pressure in the stomach exceeds the pressure in the esophagus, causes the sphincter to open and gastric contents penetrate the esophagus which cause pain and irritation. Peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) and gastritis disorders, however; are primarily caused by bacterial infection with helicobacter pylori and acid secretions also play a major role (McPhee and Hammer, 2012). Direct alteration of signal transduction in mucosal and immune cells by H pylori infection may cause an increase in acid secretion and diminish mucosal defenses (McPhee and Hammer,

The subject of my case is a 40-year-old man that has had complaints of retrosternal pain mostly after lying down after meals. This patient is experiencing acid reflux or the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease. This patient is most likely diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). Gastrointestinal reflux is a very common disease, one-fifth of all Americans has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease.