Anatomy & Physiology Week 3

The function of the connective tissue is to support, bind, cover, protect and give structure to the body.

A weakness of this approach is that it is a reductionist. For example, it reduces human behavior down to just individual processes but a human is a product of all these processes not just individual parts.

Compact bone contains Haversian Systems, which are in concentric circles called lamellae. Haversian system contains a blood supply and the periosteum is located on the outside

Use the lecture folder to help you complete this guide. The more detail you can provide the better prepared for the test you will be.

The structure that furnishes the axis for the rotation of the head from side to side is the:

P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body.

Membranes can allow or exclude various molecules, and because of selective transport systems (active mediated transport), they can move molecules in and out of the space. Membrane channels, or “gates,” can open and close depending on the circumstances of the first messenger. Binding of an extracellular messenger to a dual receptor/channel brings about a quick

For P4, I’m going to outline the physiological overview of the kidneys and then I am going to explain the renal system. Also I am going to explain the kidneys in more detail.

1) Make a graph of resting heart rates from Activity 1. Provide a physiological explanation for fluctuations in resting heart rate over time. Discuss a couple of extrinsic factors that influence the autonomic nervous regulation of resting heart rate.

1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points)

2. Explain why increasing extracellular K_ causes the membrane potential to change to a less negative value. How well did the results compare with your prediction? _______________________________________________________________________

- Human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

represents a type of potential energy that accounts for the both concentration and the membrane

When a membrane is excited depolarization begins. When the membrane depolarizes the resting membrane potential of -70 mV becomes less negative. When the membrane potential reaches 0 mV, indicating there is no charge difference across the membrane. the sodium ion channels start to close and potassium ion channels open. By the time the sodium ion channels finally close. The membrane potential has reached +35 mV. The opening of the potassium channels allows K+ to flow out of the cell down its electrochemical gradient ( ion of like charge are repelled from each other). The flow of K+ out of the cell causes the membrane potential to move in a negative direction. This is referred to as repolarization. ( Marieb & Mitchell, 2009). As the transmembrane potential comes back down towards its resting potential level and the potassium channels begins to close, the trasmembrane potential level goes just below -90mV, causing a brief period of hyperpolarization (Martini, Nath & Bartholomew, 2012). Finally, as the potassium channels close, the membrane turns back to its resting potential until it is excited or inhibited again.

Whenever the balance is altered, the process of transmitting electrical signals, which is called action potential initiates by carrying information across a neuron’s axon; which is called resting membrane potential. This process occurs as uneven ions distribution flow across cell membrane, creating electrical potential. As a result, the duration of active potential can be as fast as 1 ms. Similarly, the average resting membrane is between -40 mV and -80 mV. Since the membrane from inside is more negatively charged than the outside, it reflected on the negative average voltage readings of the resting membrane.