Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

1. Name the structure that is a double fold of peritoneum between the lesser curvature of the stomach and liver.

The esophagus receives food from the mouth after swallowing and then delivers it to the stomach. The stomach holds food which it is being mixed with enzymes which continue the process of breaking down the food into a useable form. When the contents of the stomach are processed they are released into the small intestine. In the small intestine food is broken down by enzymes released from the pancreas and bile from the liver, the food is moved through and mixed with digestive secretions. The small intestine is made up of three segments the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, the jejunum and the ileum are mainly responsible from the absorption of nutrients in to the bloodstream. These contents start out semi-solid and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes and mucous change its consistency, one the nutrients have been absorbed it then moves onto the large intestine. The large intestine connects to the rectum and is specialised in processing water so that emptying the bowels is easy.

1) The layer of the GI tract wall that is responsible for motility is the

4. Describe the hormonal control of the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice during the digestive process.

gall bladder liver hepatic portal region cystic duct bile duct hepatic pancreatic sphincter accessory pancreatic duct hepatic flexure jejunum ascending colon ileum rectum illiocecal vavle anal canal cecum appendix anus transverse colon decsending colon sigmond colon pancreas cardiac sphincter

8. What is the significance of the precapillary sphincter? How is microcirculation controlled? What factors influence blood flow?

The control of gastric secretions happens when the secretion of the gastric juice by the stomach is stimulated by both of the nerves and the hormones. There are three phases in which this happens;

1. Explain the physiologic mechanisms related to celiac disease. What anatomical features of the small intestine lend it to the digestion and absorption of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins?

22. The mechanism by which the body propels food through the digestive tract is primarily a topic of study for:

What are the three sections of the large intestine and what roles does each play in digestion or absorption?

triggers the opening of the ileocecal valve, allowing materials to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.

Once again my mini-sub and I will be miniaturized (8 microns long) and witnessing another ‘Fantastic Voyage’ in a human body. This time I will be swallowed by George, a 55 years old man, while he is eating his meal consisting of a hamburger, French fries and a soda. I will pilot my mini-sub through George’s GI (gastrointestinal tract), which is the tube that starts with the mouth and proceeds to the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine (or colon), rectum and, finally, the anus (Pansky, 2007). Along this pathway I will describe the digestion of George’s meal and the major structures that I will encounter. Arrived to the distal

The process of digestion first begins in the mouth by in taking food (bolus). The teeth help with masticating (chewing and breaking food particles down) allowing for swallowing and increasing surface area for chemical digestion. Enzymes found in saliva also facilitates with the chemical break down of food primarily starches and fats. The food swallowed then enters into the esophagus (a tube connecting the mouth and stomach). Peristalsis helps the esophagus to push the food in the direction of the stomach. The stomach contents are highly acidic (doesn’t affect the stomach mucosa since cells secrete mucus allowing the stomach wall to be protected) with pH levels between 1.5-2.5 allowing microorganisms to be killed, breaking down of food, and activating digestive enzymes producing a thick substance known as chyme. However, breaking down of foods further occurs in the small intestine consisting of: bile created from the liver, enzymes formed from the small intestine, and the pancreas facilitate with further digestion as well as HCI denatures (unfolds proteins) allowing them to be available to attack by digestive enzymes (also responsible in breaking down the protein). The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine allowing the chime to drop into the small intestine. The small intestine is the primary site for

Consist of oral cavity, esophagus, gallbladder, liver, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, colon, cecum, appendix, jejunum, and rectum.

 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to nerve stimulation and to the direct addition of