Androcentrism: Feminists for Equality

women have made an exceedingly great impact on the world’s economical, social, and political spectrum. However, women are still deemed inferior to men in past and present cultures. The inferiority of women has been portrayed through various avenues such as literature and written works. The Virgil’s Aeneid and Ovid’s Metamorphoses’ women characters are three perfect depictions of how women in today’s society are dominated, disregarded, and discredited.

According to the ancient Greeks, men were superior to women and held more power. This can be illustrated in “The Odyssey of Homer” when Athene gives Telemachos

Our world has been a male dominated society from the beginning of time. In most cultures, especially in ancient times, women were thought of as secondary to their male counterparts. Women were considered a possession just as a house or piece of property is considered a possession. The role of women in these early societies did not receive an education but was to take care of the household and have children. The women of the Minoan and Mycenaean ancient Greece cultures held much more roles than homemakers and mothers; they were allowed more freedoms and rights also oracles, priestesses, and political advisors yet they are also seen by men as nothing more than a mere possession.

Through years of history women have been subjugated. They are seen as vehicles for reproduction and sexual objects. Yet this is a mentality that is directly related with moral theory. Since this is for the most part a male dominated society, women's views are often seen

“The world is still sexist.” — Barbara Broccoli. From the creation story to modern day, women and men still struggle with a power dynamic of inferiority and superiority. The problem of sexism has been ever-present throughout history, and although it has been acknowledged by many, it has not been eradicated or resolved. Although the acknowledgment of sexism has grown over the course of the modern era, it is heavily rooted in society’s developmental process, which makes it continuously difficult to annihilate. Furthermore, throughout many historical texts, women are often represented as objects instead of real people. Within texts, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Bible, the Quran, and the Torah, women are constantly regarded as inferiors instead of equals with men. Throughout these texts, there is a clear separation between the treatment of men and women, with women always being referred to as property.

Throughout history, the roles of women and men have always differed to some degree. In ancient Greece, the traditional roles were clear-cut and defined. Women stayed home to care for children and do housework while men left to work. This system of society was not too far off the hunter gatherer concept where women cared for the house and the men hunted. Intriguingly enough, despite the customary submissive role, women had a more multifaceted role and image in society as juxtaposed with the rather simple role men played. Morals for the two were also different. Men obviously had the upper hand with women being the traditional passive.

Women form an important part of each society, however their role and importance to its function are often times overlooked. Society is/was organized and directed by men. All of the most important positions and purposes within it`s routine were filled by males. This societal organization is often times reflected in many pieces of literature of various time periods, however there are texts in which contrary to the patriarchal society models, women are given substantial importance within the plot. Homer`s The Odyssey, Heart of Darnkness by Joseph Conrad and Aeschylus`s Oresteia each demonstrate or conceal female importance in a given society.

Have you ever been told you couldn’t do something because of who you were? Have you ever felt inferior to someone else for something that was out of your control? Women have always rebelled against their traditional role in society. An illustration of this is how women have succeeded in a male dominated field such as science. We today have evolved greatly socially from the periods of ancient greece, Renaissance Europe and 1930s America. The literary pieces, The Odyssey, Romeo and Juliet, and To Kill a Mockingbird help show what roles each gender has been playing across antiquity. Women have been suppressed throughout history being thought to be the inferior gender.

What if women never established rights? The world would not be the place it is today if that was the case. Women are able to do just as much as men if not more.Women were regarded as "the weaker sex", not just in terms of physical strength, but emotionally too. The fact that women were not treated equally was wrong in many ways, but that was the way of life during those times. In the British culture, from the Anglo-Saxon, the men were respected on a higher level than women, and women were to always be subservient to men, which were demonstrated throughout many works of literature.

The Renaissance society linked physiology to expectations of gender behavior. In this sense, men and women behaved differently because they had different biology. Thomas Walkington, the author of The Optick Glasse of Humours or The Touchstone of a Golden Temperature, or The Philosophers Stone to Make a Golden Temper Wherein The Foure Complections Sanguine, Cholericke, Phligmaticke says that, “man is both hot and cold; hot in regard of such bodied as are of a cold constitution, as in regard of females sex, which abounds with moisture” (Walkington, 79). Thus, in the Renaissance, women were believed to be cold and wet and men were believed to be hot and dry. Therefore, the humors were a physiological way for the Renaissance to explain gender behavior.

In fact, man is seen as the universal norm whereas woman is “defined and differentiated with reference to man” (ibid.). Thus, man is defined as the One which entails the submission of woman as the Other (xxiv). This submission, however, is a result of natural condition rather than historical events or social change (xxiv-xxv). Moreover, it is due to the fact that woman do not form an independent unit as they do not have a past or history of their own which differentiates them from men. Hence, woman is the Other in a duality in which both elements - man and woman - are essential, as the division of the sexes is a biological fact not a historical event

The statement that the two sexes are not different in kind but only in degree, woman is the weaker man - always inferior in capacity (Book V, 454e), is problematic in itself. Women are associated with men in all human activities, but that association is not one of equals (Book V, 454e). Everywhere, women are only secondary if at all "women". Remarkably, Plato comes to the conclusion that females are first and foremost human beings, even if decidedly inferior human beings, when evaluated according to their ability to engage in characteristics human activities" (Book V, 454e). In addition, Plato considered the differences among members of the same sex far greater than average differences between the sexes in all the relevant aspects to the guidance of an ideal society" (Bluestone188). Plato intends that the guardian class should be composed of both men and women. He maintains that there is nothing in female nature to prevent women's participation, arguing, "there is no way of life concerned with the management of the city that belongs to a woman because she is a woman or to a men because he is a men, but the various natures are distributed in the same way in both

Aristotle recognizes that "There is a natural distinction, […] between what is female and what is servile" (I, 1252 b1-2). However, they are normally subordinate to men: "…the relation of male to female is that of natural superior to natural inferior, and that of ruler to ruled" (I, 1254 b13-15). Women and children are ruled, not as slaves for the master's benefit, but for their own good, just as the rulers of a city must seek the good of the citizens, not the good of the rulers. The rule of husband over wife is a "constitutional" government. The rule of father over children is "royal" government.

During the 19th century, women were controlled by a male dominated society. The women were in pure agony knowing that there was no faith for them to have a crucial change in civilization. This could often lead to “clinical depression” in which a human could feel lonely, empty, confounded and miserable. In this time period, women’s role in society was to be simply mothers and wives. A world where women had rights, control, and power was a fantasy. According to Hall, he states, “Key to all feminist methodologies is the belief that patriarchal oppression of women through history has been profound and multifaceted” (Hall 202). In other words, it is known that the male takes complete cruel supremacy over the years in our history. In The

It is difficult to imagine living in a world without the patriarchal roles that are present in society and have been throughout history. In the article “Feminist Criticism,” by Lois Tyson, the idea of feminism and how society has affected feminism is the focus. These ideas are seen because men have more of a voice in nearly everything and the oppression of women is very common; a society set up like this can be described with the term patriarchy which is “any culture that privileges men by promoting traditional gender roles,” where men are cast as “rational, strong, protective, and decisive,” and women are cast “as emotional, weak, nurturing, and submissive” (Tyson, 1). This thought that men are strong and women weak is not uncommon in