Androgen Hypersensitivity Syndrome Research Paper

Robert Sapolsky’s collection of essays “The Trouble with Testosterone” is a thorough examination of the evolutionary roots of human behavior, by discussing the biology behind it. The book contains eighteen essays that explore this issue. The Stanford neuroscientist is a great writer: he concisely explains his views in each essay and makes it funny and easy for a layman to understand and absorb. He unpacks complex scientific ideas and explains them. The essay that I found most interesting was the titular essay, which was an examination of flawed logical reasoning that biologists make when they think there is a causal relationship between testosterone and aggression. Sapolsky, in that essay, explains why that is not true. These essays did not

Testosterone is released from the leydig cells and circulates the body. Like estrogen, testosterone can enter the target cell, bypassing the cell membrane and is transported to the nucleus by a carrier protein. Testosterone is also a transcription factor in which testosterone binds to genes and influences the function. Depending on the type of cell, testosterone can be converted into another form before reaching the nucleus. Only about seven percent of circulating testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and less than one percent is converted to estrogen. Testosterone first takes effect in the womb, allowing male reproductive organs to differentiate from female organs. The presence or absence of testosterone determines whether a baby will be male or female. At the onset of maturity, testosterone also signals other cells in the testes to begin production of sperm. Secondary sex characteristics include hair distribution on the face and body, the deepening of the voice as testosterone causes a growth in the larynx, induced male pattern fat distribution, bone growth, increase in sex drive and behavior. The hypothalamus regulates the amount of testosterone circulating the body by releasing follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (Nieschlag, Behre, and Nieschlag, 2012). Testosterone utilizes a negative feedback loop by acting upon the hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH release and on the pituitary

*Endocrine glands produce – hormones, they work with other hormones to perform many functions including: control water & electrolyte balance, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, working as neurotransmitters, maintaining stress & inflammation, regulate reproductive functions

Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome--that was the condition spat in my face as the doctor came in to tell me what was wrong with my child. But don’t worry! Corrective surgery can come to the rescue and “fix” my child. Basically, my child doesn’t have a place in the world unless they fit the norms, and surgery is the only way to do so. Honestly? Fuck that. The surgery is completely unnecessary because there aren’t any serious medical implications, and would only cause further harm; raising my child without a forced gender will allow for both freedom in gender development as well as avoiding the trauma of incorrect gender assignment.

Today in the athletic community, young and old, everybody is trying to trump their competitors by getting the edge over them wether its running faster, jumping higher, lifting more weight, or just simply performing better overall. However some of these athletes are after the same end goal but they are taking a different path to get there. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are becoming more and more common among younger athletes these days. There has been much talk with doctors, coaches and parents about the controversy and misconceptions about these drugs and how more athletes are taking these performance enhancing drugs and how they can have many side affects, positive and negative. The goal of this paper is to state that the negative side affects out weigh the potential benefits of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS).

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are cases where there is a discordance of genetic sex and internal and/or external sex organs at birth related to suppression of, or overexposure to sex hormones in utero. DSDs can also stem from insensitivity to androgens. When these hormonal abnormalities occur, the best general description is that either internal or external genitalia do not form or do not form correctly. In some cases, for example, female genitalia may have a more masculine appearance or the girl may present with both male and female external genitalia, but no internal components such as a uterus (Helgeson, 2012). Wisniewski specifies that study of DSD has provided a greater understanding and appreciation of the impact of hormones on behavior, which has in part caused a reassessment of DSD-related treatments. However, she also emphasizes that socialization and learning have significant influence on gender and gender-role development, but only when prenatal androgen exposure is not a factor. Wisniewski added that she would like to see a gender marker that could be identified from birth and used as part of the formula for predicting gender development. Unfortunately, her own research demonstrates far too much societal and cultural involvement in gender and gender-role development

In any competition it is common for the participants to try any way possible to get the winning edge. This is extremely prominent in athletics all across the world. One of the most popular methods of gaining a competitive edge is the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). In the Texas Public Health Journal, Mathias B. Forrester explains:

Most of the people can use the steroids for plenty of purpose. The sports athletes, body builders and some of the women can use the steroids to build the muscles to increase the sports performances, reduce weight and some of the other type of purpose. There are different types of steroids available in the online and also for the medicals. The steroids are the drugs, but this can be good for the health. You can buy the steroids in online and pharmacies. The chemical structure of the steroid is the ring structure. The sex hormones are highly secreted for using the steroids. This will help to increase the performance in the all the works like sports, bodybuilding and other purpose. The androgenic steroids highly secrete some of the important hormones like Corticosteroids, Progestogens and an Estrogens and Androgens. These are

The hypothesis that was tested with this experiment is that boys who are underweight tend to victimize themselves and have depressive symptoms more than young males that don’t see themselves as underweight. Blashill purpose was to know how if these feelings is what lead them to start using Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS).

    Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a group of hormones, which includes the natural male hormone, testosterone, and a number of synthetic compounds. "Anabolic" refers to muscle building, while "androgenic" refers to increased masculine characteristics. Anabolic effects are basically muscle growth. Androgenic effects produce secondary male sex characteristics like facial hair, body hair, deepening of the voice, and so on. In the 1950's scientists were trying to isolate the muscle building properties without the masculinizing effects. This lead to the development of synthetic anabolic steroids.

The Initial Symptoms I suffered from low testosterone symptoms for several months before I knew I had low testosterone. I am a male in his late 30s and for some reason, I started to feel down in October 2014. I am married and have children, and although my wife doesn't have a particularly high libido, she started to notice I wasn't interested in sex - at least not to the degree. I was before. I didn't think that was abnormal at the time since men are "supposed" to have a lower libido as they age and I was slowly approaching my 40s. However, things didn't end up there. I also felt I had no energy and I was having difficulty concentrating at work which was very problematic for me. At first, I refused to acknowledge there was something wrong with

Two syndromes that embody the intersex condition in which the physical appearance of an individual's genitals does not reflect the individuals gender include CAH and AIS. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia happens when an individual's genetic make up is that of a female. However, during prenatal development, which is the first most important process and healthy and normal individuals; the syndrome causes the adrenal gland to go haywire and overproduce androgens due to a genetic condition. Thus, the prenatal sexual differentiation is one that does not occur in the manner that it normally would for a female. The overproduction of these androgens is directly connected to the fact that the individual who is genetically born a female begins to grow

Male secondary sex characters include facial hair, deepening of the voice at puberty, muscle growth

In men, an overload of estrogen, produced in excess because of the presence of xenoestrogens, can cause infertility by a low sperm count and erectile dysfunction. Not only can it cause infertility, but it can also cause an enlargement of the prostate and even prostate cancer. The extra hormone production can also cause female-like breast growth (Fertility-Health.com, 2008-2015). Xenoestrogens are especially dangerous for men because it is not expected and causes completely unnatural effects, but that also makes for easier detection.

Both glands produce two distinct hormones, but produce differing amounts of each hormone. Masculine hormones such as androgens and testosterone are predominately produced by male testes. These hormones at high levels can be related to aggressive behavior regardless of sex, but high levels are most commonly found in males. High levels of feminine hormones or estrogen, most commonly found in females, have recently been linked to aggressive behavior as well. While high levels of estrogen in females and high levels of testosterone in males have been linked to aggressive behavior, normal levels of these hormones have been known to cause aggression as well. Although these hormones have been related to human behavior, scientists have concluded that these hormones alone do not dictate behavior (Morris & Maisto, 2005).