Anesthesia for Conjoined Twins

There are a number of possible types of these births. These include thoracopagus, the most common, affecting 35% of all conjoined twin births, where the chest wall is shared, and often the heart. Pygopagus is another type, occurring in 19% of all cases, where the twins are joined at the buttocks. Two significantly less occurring patterns are ischiopagus, 6%, connected at the tailbone, and craniopagus, 2%, with a fused skull. Some other commonly occuring types include cephalopagus, with the upper torso and back of the cranium fused, and dicephalus, having two heads and necks connected to one body. Cephalopagus and craniopagus twins are rarely operated on, because the brain is such a delicate organ on which to operate, especially when shared brain tissue is involved. Other types include parapagus, a lateral fusion of the lower half of the body, and omphalopagus, joined frontally at the midsection. Finally there is parasitic twinning, where one twin is dependant upon the other for life, and often one is misformed, lacking organs or fully formed parts (www.twinstuff.com).

The biography Identical Strangers by Elyse Schein and Paula Bernstein is about twins that got separated at birth, and now are finding out there is another person in the world with their exact DNA. They were part of a study on separated twins. It was to see in nature versus nurture which one has more of an impact. (31-32) Identical twins were easiest to study because of their identical DNA. Scientists working on the study placed both girls in a family in which are very similar; therefore, they both have a brother that is a couple years older than them. They find out about the other twin, and Paula is having their

A con that happens often with twins is appearance. Whether identical or not, somehow people always state that they look the same. There is no individualism. One would say that it would be cool to have someone that looks like you, but it’s the total opposite. We often pick clothing to represent our personality, or to break away from the crowd. Clothing for

Monozygotic twins: Monozygotic twins are also known as identical twins. These twins start their life as one egg which is fertilized by one sperm and latter splits into two eggs much earlier in the gestational period. These are very rare and have no link to heredity. But studies reveal that only one of four conceptions of twins is identical. Therefore, it seems likely that any differences between twins will have to be caused by environment rather than by genetics.

Twins, share a bond that no parent, child or sibling relationship can ever compare. There are two main types of twins, and these include: monozygotic (identical) twins and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, and they are compared by their emotional, behavioural, and cognitive similarities. (Robert Plomin, 1997). According to Social Issues Referencing, 2007, whereas Identical twins are formed from a single (mono) zygote and are genetic “carbon copies”, fraternal twins develop from two (di) separate zygotes, as a result of two eggs being fertilized by two sperms independently. (Social Issues Referencing, 2007, para. 8)

Most twins didn't survive the experiments. In fact, out of the 3,000 twins that were captured, less than 200 escaped. The twins that survived were often separated, unless extremely lucky.

What would it be like to have a twin? This is a question people often ponder. People often say that they see someone that resembles someone they already know. It is almost like dejavu. "Twin" comes from the German word "twine" meaning "two together" (Nagy 1). Most people automatically think of two people who look just alike when they hear the word "twin". However, there is a lot more to twins than just looking alike. Twins are the most common type of multiple births. Many think there are only two types of twins, identical and fraternal; they often leave out conjoined twins. Twins are very unique and fascinating individuals because of their similarities biologically, physically, and psychologically.

Twin studies have been a large part of the growing debate on whether genetics or environment (nature v. nature) is responsible for the cognitive, socio-cultural and biological development. In order to properly assess twin studies it is important to know why and how they are relevant in psychology. Identical twins are especially effective in research particularly in the field of developmental psychology and behavioral genetics due to the monozygotic genes which means they originate from a single zygote (fertilized egg) which essentially means they share 100% of the same genes. Due to this exact copy of genes between twins means this can be efficiently be used in order to observe the impact of

I study was preformed by Janicak et al 2001; they found that monozygotic twins have a 48% concordance rate. This is considerably less in dizygotic twins where the concordance rate falls to 17%. This would suggest there is a strong case for genetics being involved with

Months later, I was strong enough to get back in the pool. Drew and I stood side-by-side getting ready. But this time standing in front of the mirror, I admired my scars. They intertwine in a helix formation, touching, crossing, and separating like the strands of DNA we share. By finding myself, Drew and I were able to connect as twins more than ever. Being a twin doesn’t mean being the same, it

The two twins that appear in this photograph are named Cathleen and Colleen Wade. This was taken in New York City. This picture is one of my favorites that Diane created. When I first glanced at it I thought that they were conjoined, but then I saw that the other twins hand and arm in the middle. The middle of the twins was the focal point. It was the first placed I glanced at. In this piece, there is symmetrical balance everything of the twins is the same from head to toe. They have identical headbands, dresses, socks, and hairstyle. The only difference between the two is the facial expressions. One of the twins has a distinctive expression than the other, while the other has half of smile. The twin on the left has a expression that expresses uncertainty and has a imaginary smile. However, they both are looking straight into the camera. Which was another technique she

Throughout history, across all cultures, people have been fascinated with twins. In addition to interest in the close emotional ties and biological similarities that twins may share, reports of special twin languages and twin extrasensory perception (ESP) help people to explore ideas of what it means to be human. How similar or different are they to each other? How important are genes and environment for development? Because identical twins share all of their genes, it is the environment—rather than genetics—that accounts for any differences between them.

I observed a set of dizygotic or fraternal twins, Antonio and James, that had walked in, which were both males. I noticed that they were attached to their mother, which I had considered “normal” when thinking back to when my 15 year old daughter was that age. Even

There are two types of twins. One type of twins, called identical twins, is exact clones of each other. They share the same DNA and were made from a single split egg. More research as been done regarding these types of twins as they are the more remarkable kind. Since they are a genetic match, nature plays the

For years I have been fascinated by that mysterious quirk of nature called twins. In my family, there are several sets of identical twins, and I have always concentrated on their similarities. I did not realize that identical twins also have many differences. My identical twin cousins, Sue and Heidi, appear to be perfect mirror images. They love to dress alike. They can feel each other's pain. They sound alike and can complete each other's sentences. But upon taking a closer look, I have found that they are as different as day and night. Aside from Sue and Heidi's outward characteristics, they possess several distinguishing traits that allow them to be viewed as two separate, independent