Anhydrous 1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone Lab Report

Evers, D. J., B. Hendricks, G. Lucassen, and T. Ruers. "Optical Spectroscopy: Current Advances and Future Applications in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy." NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.

(Q3:Purification) Product was purified via crystallization and using ice-cold water ensured product remain intact while impurities were washed into the filtrated liquid. The results gathered were measured against already scientifically established melting points of the product, the standard solutions provided, and retention factor (Rf) values to conclude the unknown nucleophile used in the beginning was 4-methoxyphenyl.

This procedure substituted an alcohol functional group on an alkene with a chlorine, converting 2-methyl-2-butanol into 2-chloro-2-methylbutane. In this reaction, the alcohol group needs to be detached from the molecule for the chlorine to bind; thus the alcohol is called the leaving group. It does not constitute a good leaving group, since if it's departure took place, the resulting OH- would be a strong base. However, if exposed to a sufficiently acidic environment, the alcohol group could be protonated and become -H2O+, which is a much more effective leaving group. This leaving group can then be replaced by a nucleophile, but there are two different manners in which this may happen.

(E)-3-benzylidenepiperidin-2-one (7a) A solution of (1E,2E)-2-benzylidenecyclopentanone O-tosyl oxime (6a, 0.500 g, 0.00146 mole) and SOCl2 (0.521 mL) in dry dioxane (30 mL) was stirred with the aid of a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for 10h. Thereafter, water was added to the reaction mixture and it was extracted with diethyl ether (3×20 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water, NaHCO3, and water and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Rotaevaporation of the solvent furnished a solid which upon crystallization from benzene furnished (E)-3-benzylidenepiperidin-2-one (7a) as light brown crystals, yield 45%, mp 126–128°C

pH is one of the most important factors influencing removal efficiency of many chemical and biological reactions (19). Removal efficiency by the nano-catalyst with exposure to UV radiation was reported as 99.14%, while in the absence of nano-catalyst was 86.72%. The greatest removal rate was reported at pH=11 in the presence of the nano-catalyst as much as 90 mg/L, owing to the high concentration of hydroxyl radical in the solution (20) (p<0.05). These radicals play an important role in oxidizing organic contaminants (21).The advanced oxidation processes are based on hydroxyl radicals, causing oxidation and removal of contaminants (19, 20). pH has an important impact on contaminant molecules, the surface charge of nano-catalysts, and the mechanism of the degree of production of hydroxyl radicals (22).

A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1) was performed to produce 2-chloro-2-methylbutane from 2-methyl-2-butanol and the reaction yield was 2.15g (20.12mmol, 22.04%). The reaction product was relatively pure because it was determined to be 2-chloro-2-methylbutane from the analysis of infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Then, a unimolecular elimination reaction (E1) was performed to produce cyclohexene from cyclohexanol and the reaction yield was 0.762g crude cyclohexene and 0.64g regular cyclohexene (9.28 mmol crude cyclohexene and 7.73mmol regular cyclohexene, 49.2% crude cyclohexene and 41.0% regular cyclohexene). The reaction product was relatively pure because it was determined to be cyclohexene

o the stuff with the proteins is a different thing. About the NMP:  when I started to make the ZIPs,  beside the 2-methylimidazole, I used two other modulators, one being the  N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), the other 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) if my memory serves me. I though they were both important for the formation of the particles, but I ran several experiments with different ratios (from 0 to double) and I found that the presence of NMP was not necessary. That was good because its' simplify the system.

Chemistry. MMB (1) was synthesized from PTL via selenium dioxide oxidation using a modification of the method of Macias et al.31 The MMB-triazole carbamate synthon 6 was synthesized by reacting MMB with carbonylditriazole (5)37 in dichloromethane. Intermediate 6 was then reacted with a series of terminal diamino- and dihydroxyalkanes to obtain carbamate dimers 7a-7h and carbonate dimers 7i &7j, respectively (Scheme 1 and Table 1). The alkane chain length in these molecules was varied from 3 to 10 methylene units. The chemical reactivity of the diaminoalkane in the above reactions was observed to be related to the number of methylene units in the molecule; i.e. the longer methylene chain diamines were more reactive than the shorter length diamines.

In a 150 mL separatory funnel, 3.9 g (10 mmol) of benzyltriphenylphosponium chloride and 1.5 mL (15 mmol) of benzaldehyde were poured into 7.5 mL of dichloromethane (DCM), which was then treated with 35 mL of 50% sodium hydroxide. The separatory funnel was tightly sealed with a glass cork, and was subsequently agitated vigorously for 30 mins, in order to allow the reaction between all the reagents to occur. It was recommended that the funnel be uncorked every so often so as to release pressure. Afterwards, the separatory

Before any calculations, the spectra from the HCl solution and NaOH solution was verified to make sure that the wavelength at which the deprotonated form of 2-naphthol absorbs at 345 nm and that protonated form does not absorb significantly at the same wavelength. All the spectra in Figure 1 were baseline-corrected using the HCl solution spectrum, shown in Figure 2, and the NaOH solution spectrum was used to determine Amax at 345 nm.

On study the effect of solvents, we have detected that, water is the most appropriate solvent for the reaction than the other solvents (Table 1, entry 1). So, it may readily dissolve TBHP, facilitates the adsorption of reactants on the active site of the catalyst and increases the efficiency of the catalyst both conversion and selectivity.

In this experiment, the use of a glass cuvette was used in order to avoid any chemical or environmental interference from the surroundings. Furthermore such glass cuvettes can support large wavelengths during transmission of light beyond 320 nm since this is the excitation wavelength region. Riboflavin is excited at around 370 nm, therefore the wavelength range must be large in order to detect a proper response. Plastic cuvettes are however inadequate as the range of wavelengths supported for transmission of light is very limited (5, Upstone). The geometry of the instrument of the spectrophotofluorometer has a specific angle and position for the excitation source and the detector. The excitation polychromator emits ultra-violet radiation and light to the interested sample and the shape of the polychromator resembles a triangular prism in which the monochromator has been angled at a 90∘ position. The transducer would detect the irradiation excitation beam and transfers it through the emission polychromator. The emitted beam would then travel to the detector to allow for the response signal to appear for the sample on the computer system (416, Skoog). The position of the cuvette is essential as it enables for the consistent readings of the response signals, as any shift in the cuvette position can create variation in results due to the position of lighting and detection of molecular samples hitting at different angles. The process of fluorescence is quite sensitive than absorption due to having lower detection limits because of the fact that it can detect lone molecules in excited states that are irradiated by UV-light unless they come into contact with other molecules within

UV/vis spectroscopy can determine the concentration of an unknown solution; this is done by diluting the samples and then they are put in cuvettes and then they are placed into UV/vis spectrophotometer. Depending on the wavelength the cuvettes can be made from glass, plastic or quartz.Method

After exposing the sample to UV radiation the visible band is determine to be at the maximum absorbance, as shown in Figure 1. This absorbance band at 563 nm and 579 nm corresponds to the reaction SP → MC. By monitoring the exponential decay function of MC, we are able to construct a linear fit of the data, as shown in Figure 3, which confirms a first-order decay. The corresponding rate constants were determined from the slope of the fit, and it was found that as we increase [SP] the rate is relatively constant. Further, this reaction was done on different solvents, which includes acetone and cyclohexane. Following Table 2, it seems that with the addition of cyclohexane, the rate of decay of MC is faster. This indicates that due to the non polar

Reagents silver nitrate (99%), NIPAAm (97%), HEMA (98%) and NVIm (99%) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis MO, USA). NIPAAm was purified by crystallization. Monomers HEMA and NVIm were purified by vacuum distillation. Polypropylene monofilaments (Atramat 1 USP suture threads) were supplied by Internacional Farmacéutica Co (Mexico). Ethanol, toluene, and distilled were from Baker (Mexico City,