Animal-Borne Diseasesbefore: Environmental Case Study

West Nile Virus has emerged in recent years throughout the temporate zones of Europe and North America. Causing a variety of conditions in its hosts, the most serious manifestation of WN virus infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans and horses, and many birds.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by a type of bacteria called Rickettsia rickettsii. This type of bacteria is carried by American dog ticks and Rocky Mountain wood ticks. People get infected through a bite from a tick that is infected with the bacteria. The bite is painless and frequently goes unnoticed.

The West Nile Virus, like some flus, is spread through mosquitos making it an arthropod-born virus; however, some flus are started by other animals, too (General Questions About West Nile Virus). The mosquitos that carry the disease become infected by birds (General Questions About West Nile Virus). After it becomes infected, it then contaminates any living thing it feeds on (General Questions About West Nile Virus). The West Nile Virus is not airborne and you cannot get infected by regular contact with someone who has the illness, whereas with the flu, you can (M. [2015, December 16]). A rare way it could be transferred is by blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from a mother to a baby, whether it be by pregnancy or breastfeeding (General Questions

Currently, one of the major problems in the world is the rapid change of our climate. Years of research and studies have linked climate change to the spreading and occurrence of many infectious diseases. Vectors and pathogens that were not able to spread to certain countries before because temperatures were too low for them to survive in are now being able to habituate these parts of the world because of how much warmer our planet is becoming. This is concerning to us because infectious diseases can increase death rates. Therefore, if our planet continues to get warmer, the more infectious diseases will spread, and the more humans will die. This research paper attempts to provide a better understanding on how diseases are spreading more

It can come from deer ticks, dog ticks, and horse ticks. Symptoms usually being a rash at the site of the tick bite. It can expand as a bull’s eye rash. Flu-like symptoms can occur and later symptoms may include neurological defects. The other disease is Rocky Mountain spotted fever that is caused by Rickettsia ricketsii, which is also transmitted by a tick. A fever and a maculopapular rash beginning on the ankles and wrists and proceeding toward the body trunk accompany the disease. Tick control is important in preventing these diseases. Also when going to the mountains it is important to wear pants and long sleeves to protect self from unwanted animal

What is West Nile Fever? West Nile fever also known as West Nile virus is a mosquito borne disease transferred from mosquito to person. Encephalitis is a disease that West nile virus can cause. What encephalitis does is it causes inflammation of the brain which in some cases can be fatal. The west Nile virus wasn’t discovered until 1937 in Africa. The disease didn’t make its way into the United States until 1999. The Virus is most common during the summer months (July- September) which is when mosquitos the carrier of the disease are most active. But in some states it is at risk all year round. Most people who are bitten and infected even receive the virus.

The distribution of exotic animals has influenced the infection among humans concerning West Nile Virus. West Nile Virus is an infection that can cause serious disease in humans. West Nile Virus is a seasonal epidemic that is in North America. It flares up in the summer and continues into the fall.

West Nile Virus is a neurologic or neuroinvasive disease that can be spread from one single mosquito bite (Lashley & Durham, 2007). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) states that about one in every five people that are infected by West Nile Virus will develop a fever with the accompany of other symptoms, and of the people infected less than one percent may develop serious, potentially life threatening, neurological symptoms. “West Nile Virus was first isolated from a woman in the West Nile province of Uganda in 1937” (Lashley & Durham, 2007, p. 338). West Nile Virus first appearance in the United States in August of 1999 in Queens, New York due to a suspicious case of encephalitis (Lashley & Durham, 2007). Active

The traditional foods and plants are used for medicine are being heavily impacted by the climate change. Changing lifestyles and diets are causing an increase in the well being and health over all of the natives. It is unknown how the will adapt from the traditional ways. In the Arctic, scientists have been researching the regional temperature.

Global warming may increase the risk of some infectious diseases, like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and encephalitis. These diseases are spread by mosquitoes and other insects, and could become more common if a rise in temperature allows those insects to live farther north. Also, the increase in rainfall that is likely to occur with an increase in global temperature would serve to help increase the reproduction of the vectors. In February 1999, Britain's Institute of Animal Health linked outbreaks of the lethal horse fever virus in Africa to the El Nino phenomenon. The warming and increase in rainfall in Africa caused by El Nino led to many more horses being bitten by infected vectors. The scientists said their research shows this pattern is likely to happen with other vector-borne diseases when global warming occurs. Increased temperatures could also reduce the gestation periods of disease vectors, which could aid the breeding of strains resistant to pesticides. Scientists also hypothesize that algae

These vectors can carry infective pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, which can be transferred from one host (carrier) to another. The seasonality, distribution, and prevalence of vector-borne diseases are influenced significantly by climate factors, primarily high and low temperature extremes and precipitation patterns. Climate change is likely to have both short- and long-term effects on vector-borne disease transmission and infection patterns, affecting both seasonal risk and broad geographic changes in disease occurrence over decades (see Figure ES6). While climate variability and climate change both alter the transmission of vector-borne diseases, they will likely interact with many other factors, including how pathogens adapt and change, the availability of hosts, changing ecosystems and land use, demographics, human behavior, and adaptive capacity. These complex interactions make it difficult to predict the effects of climate change on vector-borne

When it comes to zoonotic and vector-borne disease, they are on a steady rise due to a few factors controlled by the humans. Some of the factors helping to increased thee rise are the changing environment such as deforestation, conversion of grassland, and irrigation. Each of these directly affect the environment in which zoonotic and vector-borne disease thrive in putting more humans in direct contact with the disease. Other factors affecting the environment are the growing human population as well as behaviors which comes with a growing population. This would include migration patterns which can be seen with refugees traveling westward along with the after math of wars and urbanizations. Other contributing factors are the mass processing

Problems encountered throughout the water cycle is from the excess water flowing into drainage systems thus causing -

Tick borne diseases is a real problem that could potentially lead to a widespread epidemic. Tick borne diseases can negatively affect animals as well as humans. Research has shown that some tick borne diseases has caused fertility, heart, speech, and muscle problems. Although, some still may argue that long-term tick borne diseases

A reason that water pollution is a problem today is because many people don’t realize that they are hurting out water supplies when they really are. There are many pollutants that hurt our water supply such as farming. When farmers spray their fields with chemicals and apply fertilizers. Some of these chemicals reach the river, and animal urine and manure may be washed into the river. Another cause of water pollution is from accidents, such as tanker spills. Accidents with chemicals may cause river pollution as well. Mining can be another cause because the dusts and minerals get washed into the rivers. Seepage is another cause of water pollution. Because chemicals from waste dumps join the groundwater flow into the river. Urban Wastes is a major cause because the sewage comes from toilets, sinks, and industrial processes. This causes many human diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis, and cholera.