Animal Evolution Research Paper

One of the reason why the Macaroni penguin is on this is is the abiotic and the biotic factors of the ecosystem that the Macaroni penguin lives in. Some of the abiotic factors are that the oil spills over the past years have affected the water that the penguins swim in and it is killing them and the food. Another abiotic factor that has be affecting the penguins is climate change. The climate change has affected the animal by warming of the water temperature and air temperature. This is the thing that as change the most to make the penguin on the endangered list. All of these other factors we here before this and global warming is affecting this animal in a bad way like many other arctic animals.

Second, the setting of the image takes place somewhere cold, which is the main area affected by global warming. The penguins are standing on a block of ice symbolizing the Arctic and the block of ice is melting. “The Science Daily reports that ice melting rates were 25 times higher than expected in localized areas of Antarctica’s largest

“Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean” by Jaume Forcada and Philip N. Trathan (2009) was a study conducted to analyze and predict the migrating patterns of different species of penguins due to changes in climate. (p. 1618) Also, Forcada and Trathan investigate whether or not certain species of penguins possess phenotypic plasticity (the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment) (p. 1618).

Lyme disease was first observed in the State of Connecticut in 1975. Currently, the disease may be found in forested areas of Asia, Europe and the United States. In these areas deer ticks feed on mice and rodents, which serve as a reservoir for this bacteria (MayoClinic.org, 2015). Then in adult hood deer ticks feed on white tailed and other targets of opportunity. Individuals who

In the past, the only ticks found in Canada were those in southern Ontario. Now, ticks can be found in all provinces in Canada as shown in figure 1. In 2014, there were only 500 reported cases of lyme, however, it is expected to reach 20000 by 2020 (Mangione, 2015). With temperatures averaging 2 degrees more than what they were 50 years ago, Canada has become an ideal breeding ground for these ticks (Weather Network, 2013). There are issues with this because many doctors in Canada are not trained to deal with lyme since it was never relevant in Canada. With the numbers rising, many people have to go to the United States to get diagnosed with lyme and to receive proper treatment. Even in the US, many doctors are unable to diagnose a patient with lyme. Another example of an environmental disease that is now prevalent in Canada is west nile virus, which is spread by infected mosquitoes. These two environmental diseases are not serious with proper treatment, however, other environmental diseases that have not made their way to Canada have the potential to become very deadly, for example, the dengue fever. Dengue fever is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is currently found in only tropical and subtropical regions. If the average temperature in Canada were to continue to increase at this rate, dengue fever and other environmental diseases would become

Global warming may increase the risk of some infectious diseases, like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and encephalitis. These diseases are spread by mosquitoes and other insects, and could become more common if a rise in temperature allows those insects to live farther north. Also, the increase in rainfall that is likely to occur with an increase in global temperature would serve to help increase the reproduction of the vectors. In February 1999, Britain's Institute of Animal Health linked outbreaks of the lethal horse fever virus in Africa to the El Nino phenomenon. The warming and increase in rainfall in Africa caused by El Nino led to many more horses being bitten by infected vectors. The scientists said their research shows this pattern is likely to happen with other vector-borne diseases when global warming occurs. Increased temperatures could also reduce the gestation periods of disease vectors, which could aid the breeding of strains resistant to pesticides. Scientists also hypothesize that algae

Study conducted by British Antarctic Survey in 2004 emphasized that Antarctic krill numbers are declining. Krill are very significant to the Antarctic food web and this decline could threaten whales, seals and penguins all of which rely on krill. The decline of krill has been associated to a intense decline in sea ice, their habita. Sea ice is a vigorous feeding ground for the enormous number of krill in the Southern Ocean. The research shows that krill decreased by about 80% since the 1970s. Krill feed on the algae which are found under the surface of the sea ice. The Antarctic Peninsula, an important breeding ground for the krill, has experienced an unusual shrinkage of sea ice.

Global warming also has an impact on the African penguins such as the adults have to travel further and expend more energy in order to find adequate food for themselves and their chicks which means more die from starvation.

Emperor Penguins are classed as an endangered species because the majority of colonies will have lost half their populations by the end of the century, biologists have warned. The flightless birds which inhabit Antarctica are threatened by changes to sea ice which are being driving by climate change.

Since the ice is slowly breaking away, it is causing a negative effect for polar bears and their foraging ability by not allowing an area for hunting of ringed seals (Elvin, 2014). Rockwell and Gormezano (2009) talk about how the breaking apart of the ice disrupts the amount of time the polar bears have for hunting seals which in return is causing the polar bears to travel to land sooner. Rockwell and Gormezano (2009) state that as the polar bears are coming to shore sooner, they are interfering with the hatching season of snow geese. Due to the polar bears intruding on the nests, this gives the polar bears the opportunity to consume the offspring of the snow geese and obtain any energy still required (Rockwell and Gormezano, 2009). Even though the polar bears may not get the energy they need from seals, they are still able to get it by other means because of the climate changing.

Climate change is change is the change in weather patterns that last for an extended period of time.  Climate change is affecting the Emperor penguins because then Antarctica continent is warming  up, but the northern part just towards South America is warming up the fastest and that's where most of the penguins are found. Since the weather's getting warmer it's causing the ice to melt and making a smaller surface for the penguins to live on, and causing the sea ice season, used for hunting is cut shorter than it used to be. The ice melting is causing the penguins to get separated from each other because once the ice melts enough it breaks away from the mainland. The chicks don't maintain their waterproof feathers until they grow more mature,

"We call them dumb animals, and so they are, for they cannot tell us how they feel, but they do not suffer less because they have no words” (Anna Sewell). There is undeniable evidence that animals are being affected by climate change. Even though the effects are difficult to measure, there are many different ways animals are being affected. With the loss of predator and prey species it affects the life cycles in the food chain. The earth’s climate change causes habitats such as snow, ice, or forest areas to alter, resulting in loss of habitat and food accessibility as well as causing extinction.

Magnificent creatures of the land and sea, penguins have been around for a long time. Penguins have adapted well over the course of many years, for swimming and hunting purposes. Everyone knows that penguins are weird birds that can’t fly and have to waddle on land, but what most people don’t know about are the harms that penguins have been exposed to and the fact that many penguins are endangered, if not vulnerable to endangerment. Penguins are incredibly different from other animals and are very important to the food chain, so they should be saved from endangerment.

Both species are in the same class but, have different niche in the environment. The emperor penguin can be found in the open ice of Antarctica and they are considered sea-ice obligate species (Fretwell et. al,2014).Emperor penguin, has an advantage in their environment since there are no predators and completion for the resources they eat. Moreover, their body temperature surfaces cool beneath the air temperature since they life in a cold environment (McCafferty et al,2013).In addition, the environment in which Emperor penguin live on is harsh, but they are the only vertebrate species that breed during the Antarctic winter and the reason are not yet known ( Zitterbart et. al,2014).As a result, the climate change in their habitat Emperor penguin are in jeopardy and their population will decline since the

There are many types of penguins in the world, but here I am talking about the unique and lovely Emperor Penguin. There are many types of penguins, but only one type inhabit the ice of Antarctica during the winter. The wind gets as cold as -76 degree Fahrenheit, and blizzards can be as strong as one hundred and twenty four miles per hour. Even with all these harsh weather conditions Emperor Penguins spend their whole life in the cold ice of Antarctica. The ocean around Antarctica is covered on ice for at least half of the year. The winters in Antarctica is when the sun disappears, and the temperatures drop. In the spring is when the ice melts. It only receives about six inches or less of snow a year. Even though it seems extremely