Animal Husbandry And Hygiene Behaviors Associated With Calf Rearing

With the beef industry being of such importance to the agriculture industry as a whole any practice to help sustain cattle gaining weight and lessen the effects of parasites both internally and externally should be in any health management plan for any heard. As multiple types of internal and external parasites could be competing with the animal directly for nutrients that could be going to the animals body condition score, the fetus that the animal is raising inside of her or the colostrum that the animal is trying to produce for the calf as soon as it is born. If deworming correlates to E.coli numbers in fecal material of the animal then such case could benefit everyone from the producer to the consumer as the animal is sent through the system from the

In the past century there has been a substantial change in the way human beings raise and keep animals meant for food. While in the past there were great numbers of widely spaced small individual farms, now there are relatively few, but extremely large industrialized farms. And as the numbers of animals kept and slaughtered for human consumption increases, these industrialized farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFO's, are having more and more of an impact on the environment and people around them. The concentration of animals causes a major problem with the waste products they produce, as well as the gases, chemicals, and other types of byproducts. And the increased use of antibiotics in the animals is beginning to have a profound effect on the health of not only the environment but the communities that exist around these industrialized farms. CAFO's, and their secondary industries, are also a large consumer of oil, gasoline, and other fuels which can have an indirect, but devastating effect on the environment. Luckily there are some who have come to recognize the problems, and potential future problems, involved in this type of animal farming and have begun to inform the public to the dangers these farms pose. And in response to this information, the public is beginning to force changes in the way these CAFO's operate and the impact they have on the environment and

Because E. Coli O157:H7 is found in cattle intestines, a key method to prevent E. Coli O157:H7 contamination is to prevent fecal matter from splattering on the beef.12 However, this was not a priority for the meat processing and feedlot industries, which was focused instead on minimizing costs and maximizing profits. The feedlot sectors held responsibility due to the poor conditions it raised cattle. In order to minimize costs, cattle were kept in “medieval conditions” where they were without clean water and sewage disposal. Because cattle deposit around 50 pound of manure everyday, the result of the poor sanitation conditions is that cattle spend most of the day in their own feces, coating their hides with waste. In addition, the animal feed contained fecal matter from other animals. The meat processing industry further exacerbated this problem through their slaughtering techniques. In order to maximize profits the cattle were slaughtered at high speeds by employees who were increasingly composed of poorly trained, poorly paid, and politically vulnerable immigrant workers. To slaughter the cattle, workers must first remove the cattle’s hide before physically removing its inner organs. However, if the hides are not properly cleaned, pieces of dirt and fecal matter will fall into the meat. Furthermore, if the organs are not removed

Infections of Eshericha do not require you to have personal contact with the effect cattle. As infections have occurred were a person has visited a site were the animal previously grazed. Other variety of food can also become contaminated an example of this is fresh produced such as lettuce, fresh spinach and radish sprouts. The produce would have become infected by growing in soil which was contaminated with fuces of cattle who were carry the disease. Unpasteurized milk, drinking water beef jerky and salami are also known to be capable of carry E.coli. As a result to have reduction of E.coli it must be controlled in cattle therefor improvement of cattle management practices are required these could include identification of inhibitory feeds, immunization, drenching and better utilization of feeding additives. Resherch shows that introduction of probiotic cultures may also reduce the level of E.coli in cattle therefor in

Tyzzer Disease, Clostridium piliforme, is caused by “gram-negative filamentous rod-shaped bacterium”. (Charles River Research Models and Services, 2009). Ingestion of these infectious spores come from contaminated bedding, feed, water, feces, and nursing mother’s clostridium. Spores are heat resistant and can survive in the environment for years on end. This disease affects wildlife as well as farm and companion animals. Foals who are born to first time mares who have not been exposed to the disease and fed large portions of food high in nitrogen prior to giving birth, are at a great risk for infection.

I recently watched the documentary called Food Inc. in which it unveiled the unsanitary conditions of livestock farming. Some livestock farmers use antibiotic-treated feed for their animals because they become very ill. The reason for heavy use of antibiotics is that the lack of sanitation in the tunnel ventilated houses create infections in the animals. (Robert Kenner, 2009) In some cases, antibiotics are administered without the consultation of an accredited veterinarian and for no reason. There has been an increasing fear in the public that antibiotics used in the meat and poultry may have some unexpected negative effects after years of consumption. The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) have published articles that report on the effects of medicated feed that may create antibiotic resistance in humans. The CDC reports that 3,800 cases of drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi infections occur per year in the United States (CDC, 2013.) Salmonella is a foodborne illness which is also contagious amongst food animals. In recent news, the World Health Organization (2015) has labeled red meat a carcinogen. This recent information fuels the public’s fear that there may be a link to human antibiotic resistance and the overuse of antibiotics in food animals . This type of news has made antibiotics in livestock feed an urgent public health issue. In order to prevent antibiotic resistance and deter this problem the proposed bill known as Senate Bill 770 (SB. 770)

In response to these comments, it was then that the FDA added three additional pathogens to the list of qualifying pathogens: Coccidiodes species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis is a disease caused by fungi from the genes of Cryptococcus that affect living organisms such as humans and animals. Living organisms usually contract this by inhaling the fungi, thus resulting in lung infection that can travel to the brain causing further harm for the organism. Two individuals were first identified with the fungus between 1894 and 1895. The Cryptococci’s can be found worldwide. The main way that disease is spread is also through inhalation with the particular fungus that happens to be associated with several species of bird, particularly old pigeon waste and bat guano.

The curve on Figure 1 told that the peak of the laboratory-confirmed cases of Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Utah occurred in the middle of August with the highest number of cases in a day was about 58 cases. The outbreak started to develop in the end of June which had the average cases in a day was about 5 cases. The cases significantly disappeared and start forming an endemic curve again in the late of September with the average cases was less than 5 cases in a day.

Neonatal calf diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves that causes substantial economic losses (Constable, 2004). Diarrhea in neonatal calves is a syndrome of great etiological complexity, in addition to the influence of various environmental, managemental, nutritional and physiological factors, numerous infectious agents are capable of causing neonatal calf diarrhea (Schumann et al., 1990). Multiple enteric pathogens have been recovered from diarrheic calves, their relative prevalence varies geographically but Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, and Coronavirus, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as the most common infectious agents in most areas (Garcia et al., 2000; Snodgrass et al., 1986).

A person should wean a calf gradually using specific types of feeds. It is dangerous to use feeds for the mature animals since they can have adverse effects on a calf.

In the US if a domestic animal gets sick or injured there usually is a proper method to treat the creature. The United States has an excellent veterinary industry and most farmers can pay the fee for any treatment their animals may need. On commercial farms, due to the high population of animal within a farm disease is likely to spread quickly if an animal gets sick. Therefore, the farmer must treat the entire population with antibiotics or some other alternative treatment. On U.S. dairy farms if a pregnant heifer get is infected with a bacterial disease such as, Clostridium perfringens (a bacterial disease that causes extreme diarrhea and death in calves), is likely to pass the disease on to the calve (Wessler). The farmer must treat the both the mother and the calve quickly enough to stop the spread of the disease, although most calves even in the United States have a high fatality risk when it come from diseases passed on in the womb. In contrast, if a calve in Haiti contracted a disease such as this it would almost certainly die from it, due to the lack of medical resources in the country. Much of the Hattian population are peasants and cannot afford medical treatment for their livestock, therefore most illness and injury goes untreated and the animal dies. A disease could also be transferred to the human population

manner, Santín and Trout (2007) shown that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in older animals is several times lower as compared to calves. The host age is an very important factor that influences the pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium, with calves being more susceptible to infection than adults

Cryptosporidium species are intestinal protozoan parasites with a worldwide distribution, responsible for diarrheal disease in a large number of vertebrate hosts including humans, and zoonotic infection has long been acknowledged, as it is life-threatening in immunocompromised patients (Current et al., 1983). The disease has a faecal-oral cycle, occurring with the ingestion of infecting oocystes, which have environmental resistance. Separate anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission cycles have been identified (Casemore and Jackson, 1984) and infection is maintained by several routes: direct person-to-person transmission, animal-to-person contact either directly or indirectly and by ingestion of contaminated food, fomites and especially drinking and recreational water (Atherton et al., 1995; Casemore, 1990; Gallaher et al., 1989; Joce et al., 1991; Meinhardt et al., 1996). To date it is considered one of the most difficult to control waterborne microorganism and contaminated water represents the major source of human infection (Fayer, 2004; Ramirez et al., 2004). Waterborne outbreaks in human from agricultural sources have long been ascribed to cattle due the high prevalence of C. parvum in calves, however it is still debated whether sheep might have an epidemiological role for zoonotic transmission (Robertson, 2009).

Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan intestinal parasite causing a short-term enteric illness in individuals with functioning immune systems, and can cause a potentially fatal infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Because of C. parvum’s resistance to many of the procedures used to process drinking water and food, and the parasite’s extremely high fecundity, the potential for a large scale outbreak is very high. In fact, C. parvum was responsible for an outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 when an estimated 403,000 people became ill. This was the largest waterborne outbreak of disease in United States history. This paper will cover some aspects of C. parvum’s life cycle, human sickness

The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in goats of this study showed consistency with the observation of Zeryehun et al. (2012), Hassan et al. (2011) ,Gadahi et al. (2008) who recorded 61.4% in small ruminants in Ethiopia, 63.41% in Black Bengal goat in Chittagong district, Bangladesh and 63.50% in sheep and goat in and around Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, respectively. The earlier observation was partially consistent with the reports of Khajuria et al. (2012), Dagnachew et al. (2011), Biu et al. (2009) and Asif et al. (2008), who reported 67.24 % in Jammu province, Kashmir, 47.67% in Ethiopia, 58.0% in the University of Maiduguri research farm in Nigeria and 65.7% in Pakistan, respectively. Lower prevalence