Animal Models Of Ibd : What Are The Main Ones And How Are They Relevant For Ibd?

BACKGROUND – E. coli is a food-borne bacterium that inhabits the bowels of warm blooded creatures such as humans and animals. If the individual is infected by E. coli, some symptoms can be “diarrhea, gas, abdominal cramping, fatigue, fever and vomiting.” (Pietrangelo”) If someone is infected with this bacterium, anti-biotics, which is explained by Oxford Dictionaries as “A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms” can successfully treat the disease if it is outside of the digestive tract.

761). Since the nutrients in the intestines are available due to the good bacteria being destroyed, Clostridium difficile uses the nutrients to multiply and releases the toxins , which attack the lining of the intestines, thus causing colitis (Fordtran, 2006, pp. 3).

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by inflammation of the digestive, or gastrointestinal tract. It can affect any part of the GI tract, including the mouth and anus. However, Crohn’s most often affects the end of the small intestine (Crohn’s & Colitis, 2016). Crohn’s disease does not have a cure and there is no exact cause for the occurring disease. “Since the exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown, it has been linked to a combination of environmental factors, immune function and bacterial factors, as well as a patient’s genetic susceptibility to developing the disease” (History Cooperative, 2014).

Ulcerative colitis is the result of an abnormal response by your body's immune system. Normally, the cells and proteins that make up the immune system protect you from infection. In people with IBD, however, the immune system mistakes food, bacteria, and other materials in the intestine for foreign or invading substances. When this happens, the body sends white blood cells into the lining of the intestines, where they produce chronic inflammation and

Firstly, doctors provide drugs to help prevent your intestines from further inflammation and to relieve symptoms. These drugs also help to stop the symptoms from appearing. Many use Aminosalicylates, which treat the mild stages of the disease and they help to control the level of inflammation. Antibiotics, another common medication helps to treat and heal infections and symptoms. Corticosteroids are very powerful and are used during the late stages, and are very effective as they are fast-acting, but can cause major side effects. Besides medications, surgery is also an option, where parts of your digestive tract will be removed and repositioned, connecting it to healthy parts. Surgery may be considered generally in the severe stages to close up opened tissue, drain out waste or to widen the narrowed intestines. In addition, you may also consider taking nutrient therapy, where nutrients are injected into your veins to relieve your bowel, or you would be asked to follow a low-fiber diet in order to reduce the risk of blocking your

The diet of a person living with Crohn 's can greatly affect their symptoms and severity of their disease. Recent evidence has pointed to fiber playing an important role along with the possibility that dietary fat and over nutrition also have a role. (Chan, D., Kumar, D., & Mendall, M.) It has been found that; “Diet has a clearer place in disease modification, with some diets used in the treatment of CD. The lack of clarity stems from a poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between diet and CD. Gut permeability is likely to play a key role in the risk for CD…Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a risk factor for Crohn 's disease…”(Chan, D., Kumar, D., & Mendall, M.) Recently, doctors have been testing enteral feeding. Enteral feeding is the delivery of a nutritionally complete food, which contains protein, carbohydrate, fats, water, minerals and vitamins, directly into the stomach,

This review will explain Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis, two types of inflammatory bowel disease that affect millions of people. These diseases are chronic that affects certain parts of the intestine gastrointestinal tract. People who has this disease are troubled with a variety of side effects that they will have to live with for the rest of their lives. To this day, there are no medical cure for these diseases, however there are several treatment options that are helpful. These diseases are still being studied for researchers to fully understand the causes, possible preventions, and cure for IBDs. Countless researches and studies are still under development, there have been many discoveries thus far, but nothing concrete.

The main concern of physicians is to help patients regulate their symptoms and immune system better, through diet, medication, and possibly surgery. Although the food a person eats doesn’t trigger the diseases, it can help control aggravation of symptoms. It’s important to maintain a healthy and soothing diet that helps reduce your symptoms, replace lost nutrients, and promote healing. Many people find that soft, bland foods cause less discomfort than spicy, fatty or high-fiber foods. Medication such as, steroids and antibiotics would be prescribed to treat symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and inflammation. As I stated above the first concern of physicians is get their immune system better. Cigarette smoking is slightly controversial; it will increase the risk for Crohn’s disease, but may be protective against ulcerative colitis. Clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of nicotine patches are still being examined to show any relief of symptoms for people with UC, while not promoting other health complications of smoking. Stress, which most of us deal with on a daily basis, may have a role in the exacerbation of symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Approximately one-quarter of patients with ulcerative colitis, medical therapy is not completely successful. Under these circumstances, surgery may be considered as a last resort. This operation involves the removal of the entire large colon, known

This prevents the release of the inflammatory factors which cause Crohn’s disease; however it also prevents the intended effects of the cell, such as inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting viral replication. Due to these side effects, anti-TNF-α treatment can result in an increased risk of cancer, infection and fungal infections. Furthermore, although effective in most patients, 30% of people who receive this treatment do not respond and continue to show symptoms from Crohn’s [6]. This suggests that TNF-α is not the only cause of the disease, adding to the complexity of the

Inflamed tissues from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patients show increased oxidative and nitrosative damage, leading to accumulation of mutations and dysplastic progression27,28. Infiltrating leukocytes from these patients have increased ROS production in basal conditions and in response to different ligands29. Since TLR4 mediates ROS production in leukocytes22, it is easy to speculate that immune cells drive pro-tumorigenic effects of TLR4. However, bone marrow-transfer experiments in our lab demonstrate that non-immune TLR4 participates in development of neoplasia8. Furthermore, we have shown that epithelial TLR4 activation predisposes to colitis and CAC6. To understand the role of epithelial TLR4 in neoplasia, our research has focused on the

Crohn’s Disease is an intestinal disease first discovered by and named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, “who first described the disease in 1932 along with colleagues Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon D. Oppenheimer.” (Foundation, 2015) Konkel (2015) refers to this disease as belonging “to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)” (Konkel, 2015) CD is

The immune system is the one that causes the inflammation in response to what is happening to the persons body. Having this inflammation would cause flare ups depending on what food you eat, leaving you with very frequent trips to the bathroom and severe abdonminal pain. Also, constantly having diarrhea can cause dehydration and make your appetite decrease as well. Crohn's disease does have some genetic link. According to the case study in class, antibiotics can sometimes trigger this response in the persons GI tract because it throws off the bacteria in our digestive system and we need that

Treatment for Crohn’s disease is most often a combination therapy of medications used to control the symptoms. The use of aminosalicylates (5-ASA) to control inflammation combined with corticosteroids to suppress the immune system is most common to treat those with mild to moderate symptoms. If corticosteroids do not suffice, the use of immunomodulators is implemented. Surgery is often required, by approximately 75% of all patients. This is most often done by resection and

This essay will focus on Crohn’s disease and pathological changes that may occur in the small intestine as a result of the inflammatory process and discuss the scientific reasons for the possible treatments relating these to pathological processes.

Clostridium difficile is a gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria that aims to interrupt the barrier of the intestinal mucosa causing inflammation through cytotoxic release. The intestines become more permeable from the inflammation and dysfunctional mucosal