Animal Nutrition : Tarleton State University

|The hormone that is most likely responsible for the cat’s condition is triiodothronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). |

When eating anything, most people check the labels to see what the food all consists of. Just like when eating hamburger, some people may want to know if the hamburger came from grass-fed or grain-fed cattle. Depending on the person, they might prefer one over the other. Some people may think that one tastes better than the other or they may just think it is healthier. Not only might the meat coming from the cattle be affected, but also the milk coming from a cow. Either way, further explanations for grass-fed vs. grain-fed cattle will be discussed in this paper.

The digestive system of the horse consists of a simple stomach, small intestines, cecum, large and small colons, rectum and anus. The horse 's stomach is comparatively small for its size. The stomach of an average horse has a holding capacity of about two gallons. This may be the reason horses eat small but frequent meals. From the stomach food moves to the small intestine, which is the main site of digestion. The small intestine empties into the cecum. The cecum; along with the large colon; make up the large intestine. Digestion in the large intestine occurs by action of bacteria and protozoa. (arg.gov.sk.ca)

Urinary tract infection also referred to as UTI is the second most common infection in the body. The urinary tract system in your body which includes the bladder and kidneys makes urine and carries it out of your body. When germs get into the urinary tract system an infection is typically formed. UTI’s are usually caused when unwanted bacteria enters through the urethra and begins to multiply (www.mayoclinic.org). The bacteria that are normally found in the large intestine and feces are the most common source of a UTI. Sexual intercourse is one of the common causes of urinary tract infections for women, causing bacteria to move up into the urinary tract. Sometimes in a hospital setting a patient who is on a catheter can also get a urinary tract infection.

Some young animals may have obtained a birth defect that causes incontinence. This defect is known as an ectopic ureter (ureteral ectopia). The term is described as an abnormally located portion of the ureter. In other words, instead of the ureter opening in the bladder, it opens in a different location, such as the urethra, vagina, or uterus. The result is constant dribbling of urine. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is another commonly diagnosed cause of urinary incontinence that mainly affects adult female dogs. Male dogs are also affected, as well as cats. Hormone-responsive incontinence occurs in neutered dogs of both sexes and occasionally in spayed female cats. This type of incontinence normally takes place when an animal is resting and can occur from months to years after the animal has had surgery. Aging is another cause for urinary incontinence. The urinary sphincter muscle that holds urine in the bladder becomes weakened, causing uncontrollable

Did you know that diet plays a major role in baby's growth and development? The principles of healthy eating are the same during preconception period as well as pregnancy; the amount depends on your height, weight, physical activity and due date. The focus should be plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and healthy fats. The important nutrients needed for a healthy maternal and fetal outcome are folic acid, iron, calcium, Vitamin D and protein.

T.M. was admitted to the sub-acute unit for an UTI. UTI is usually cause by an organism called Escherichia coli. Risk factors for UTI in males can be bladder stones, kidney stones, an enlarge prostate, catheter use, or bacterial prostatitis. Some of the symptoms of UTI are burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, fever, chills, foul smelling urine, urine retention, and lethargy. T.M. has a diagnosis of BPH and repeated history of UTI which increase his risk for UTI. A short-term goal will be that the patient will be display no UTI sign of symptoms. A long-term goal will be that the patient will demonstrate behavioral techniques to prevent future UTI. To accomplish these goals, the patient should be encouraged to void every 2 to

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

If kidneys lose their ability to perform, waste and toxins can build up in the body and wreak havoc. This waste buildup essentially poisons the system and is known as kidney failure. Some common causes of kidney malfunction include: kidney stones, rupture of the bladder, or aging of the kidneys. Signs of kidney disease in dogs are: increased water drinking, having accidents around the house, increased urination, apathy, weight loss, and loss of appetite.

Cats should be scanned by an echocardiogram and should not be bread if they have this condition. Spinal Muscular Atrophy is another common disease known to Maine Coons. This is a condition where the spinal cord neurons are dying and that leads to muscle weakness. Kittens diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy walked with their back ends swaying and may find it difficult to jump. Cats can live with this condition and it is not painful to them. It is possible to have a Veterinarian do a DNA test on a kitten to see if they are carriers of the disease or to see if they could possibly have the disease. Another disease common in Maine Coons is Polycystic Kidney Disease. This is a disease where cysts grow on the kidneys of the cat. The growing number of cysts cannot be stopped but slowed down. This disease is

Clean every inch of each cage with soap and hot water, along with disinfectant (let dry before placing cat back in)

All deer kept in captivity need to be fed properly and kept healthy, even if they are being bred for hunting. But with many different feeder options available and the specific needs of keeping deer, it can be a difficult decision to make. A protein deer feeder is a popular option amongst many game keepers. Here are just a few reasons why:

Inflammatory bowel disease is a disease that can afflict both dogs and cats. However, because of the linkage between inflammatory bowel disease and hairballs in cats, the focus will be on feline inflammatory bowel disease, especially considering the previously accepted belief that hairballs are normal for cats. While there are multiple modes of managing this disease, the nutritional management will be the main point of discussion. Inflammatory bowel disease is actually not an uncommon disease. In Dr. Norsworthy’s 2014 study, out of 100 cats, only 1 cat had a normal biopsy, indicating that there was no form of inflammatory bowel disease or other affliction (Jean Dodds. Hairballs: Chronic Conditions and Prevention). Because of its prevalence,

The bladder and urinary tract depict the epitome of various old age associated conditions. Urinary incontinence otherwise known as loss of bladder control is a common problem associated with aging. Besides old age, diabetes and other conditions also contribute to incontinence. Other common conditions include menopause for women and enlarged prostate for men.

The unusual behaviour in the peeing habit of the cat is an indication of a health related problem he/she is facing. Cat peeing everywhere is not only bad for your cat but for you and your household as well.