Animal Personality As An Individual 's Distinguishing Pattern Of Behavior

Zoos play an important role in conservation. It is important to realize zoos have breeding programs that help restore threatened species. As a result of those breeding programs, the Los

Human nature in animals. Was this really shown in George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’? In fact, there were several messages about human nature reflected in ’Animal Farm’. The messages that were expressed through many different characters and their behaviours, gave an insight into human nature, and showed many characteristics of it.

Explanation and Analysis: The human population is slowly moving into the Elephant's habitat and environment causing more conflict between humans and animals than ever before.

will be presented, as well as assumptions made about the theory. Furthermore is addressing the relations of the theory to the main character Nick and how his behavior fits with labeling theory.

This paper aims to study the traits of non-human primates. By observing two types of primates including Common Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and Western Gorillas (Gorilla Gorillas), I try to find out their characteristics, pattern of their behavior, and differences between these two primate species. Especially, characteristics and behavior such as social interaction, food acquisition and intelligence will be discussed and compared in this paper. In order to enhance the persuasiveness of my observation, I recorded and examined at least 25 distinct characteristics of both Common Squirrel Monkeys and Western Gorillas. It is also helpful for me to compare these two primates. Apart from exploring the primates’ traits and differentiation between them, this paper will discuss the effects of captivity. How being in captivity and on display in a zoo would influence their behaviors and emotions? The observation was a great success and I have successfully derived with a hypothesis base on our observing data. The ultimate goal of this paper is arousing humans’ awareness of the importance of studying primates.

* The hypothalamus is a structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.

The official title of the world’s largest land dwelling animal belongs to the elephant, more specifically, the African elephant. Elephants also are some of the most deadly animals, which therefore increase the danger of human and elephant interactions. The more human interactions occur, the more deaths result, whether it is the elephant or the human who dies. These animals, surprisingly, are socially apt; their trunk is used for more than just eating and drinking- it is used for socializing. They are complex animals who live in large familial herds-females stay with their family throughout their entire lives while males only stay for approximately fifteen years (Elephant Protection, 1). Elephants possess a great memory and only forget what they learn occasionally and rarely, giving way to the “an elephant never forgets” saying (Maloiy, 178c). Despite how many people use the beloved saying, elephants may not be around much longer due to the shortened life span and increased mortality rates. Due to their incisor teeth, tusks, being extremely expensive and profitable, they are being murdered for the wealth they carry. This, coupled with the life span shortening because of malicious treatments and brutal practices reduces the life span of the African elephant from 56 to 16 years and the Asian elephant from 42 to 19 years (Elephant Protection, 1). According to what the statistics show, elephants may be following their ancestors to their death. Of the group of mammals called

Genetic diversity is essential for a healthy population, and conservationists believe that the introduction of eight bulls to Addo from the Kruger National Park, will not only increase the diversity of the gene pool but reintroduce a dominant tusk gene (SANParks Media Release, 1). The bulls selected were also not known to be aggressive towards other elephants and humans as park officials did not want to introduce behavior inconsistent with those of the Addo elephants. To ensure that these 8 bulls have a greater chance of becoming dominant and adding their genes into the Addo herds, officials relocated a number of dominant Addo males into other parks.

Chapter three discusses how temperament can be seen in all creatures as chemical processes within the brain. Additionally, this chapter describes the process that links out genetic material to our thoughts, actions and behaviors. Aside from human, temperament experiment’s also use chimpanzees, monkeys, gorillas, pigs, donkeys, rats, fish, octopi, horses, cows, cats, dogs, birds and mice. Detentions to study temperament in these various species vary, however most include the same detentions used to study humans. (surgency, negative affinity and effort control.) On a biological level, some species have more similarities than others, this is due to the evolutionary process. All species have evolved to adapt to various aspects of their environment in

In the first study published by King & Figueredo in 1997, conclusions about the generality of the Five-Factor Model, or Big Five, to non-human primates are made. By incorporating the data from a large sample of chimpanzees and using a bipolar dimensional approach, personality factors were sampled. Two fundamental questions were addressed regarding chimpanzee personality. The first of which aimed to determine if the personality structure of chimpanzees could be measured with acceptable levels of inter-observer reliability and validity. The second addressed how closely chimpanzee personality factors resembled those found in humans. As chimpanzees are one of the closest phyolgenetically related human ancestors, it is likely that particular personality

According to an article from 1999, done in the magazine Current Directions in Psychological Science by authors Gosling and John, the basic question being addressed is if animals share the ability to develop or possess different personalities much like that of humans. The question arose after witnessing differences in the way certain animals behaved compared to others of their own species. In fact, the temperaments were completely different for each animal, meaning the way they acted was not uniform, that it was called into question whether some species shared the same uniqueness displayed in the human personality. Two examples of this theory come in the shape of my professor’s cats Belle and Scooter, who are cats born from the same litter but are drastically different in the way they act. Scooter is the more Curious George-outgoing type, while Belle is the more quintessential shy girl, all this with being of the same litter and species.

Animal personality has recently drawn attention of many scientists. Although, there are many definitions of animal personality, but the most common used individual behavioural differences that are maintained over time and across the context (Réale and Dingemanse, 2012; Carter et al., 2013). The important in animal personality is to know why individuals from the same species differ and how these individual differences are maintained (Bergmüller and Taborsky, 2010; Réale et al., 2010; Sih et al., 2012; Wolf and Weissing, 2012). Therefore, good approach is to understand the phenotypic traits to be assessed. Some studies have boldness, exploration tendency, aggressiveness, activity, and sociability to a range of species including fish (Mather and

The study and research of reproduction in elephants is increasingly critical in consideration of the quickly dwindling population numbers and estimates. The current Asian elephant population is estimated to lie between 50,000-70,000 across the world, with 15,000 of these individuals in captivity. African elephant population numbers are low as well after serious culling through hunting and poaching. These numbers make the low reproduction rates a great concern as elephants do not currently sufficiently reproduce at an adequate rate to sustain population size.12

This essay will give a description of Personality before critically analysing the biological basis of personality approach. The biological basis approach tries to account for the mechanisms between genes and personality by looking at various different brain structures whilst the biochemical approach looks at the impact of hormones and neurotransmitters. The majority of our understanding of personality from a biological perspective focuses on the three main behavioural systems; the reward system, the motivation system and the punishment system. Within this essay I will be discussing the three main theories that have come from these ideas, Eyenck’s three-factor model, Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) and Cloningers model of personality.

The behavior of different species of wildlife which are brought into the circus industry also varies, and they therefore require different living conditions. Observing the natural behavior of tigers versus lions illustrates this fact. Unlike tigers, which have a mainly solitary existence, lions are very social, and are really the only big cats which display this characteristic (Whitney). Furthermore, elephants have yet another type of lifestyle, and “form deep family bonds and live in tight matriarchal family groups” (Whitney). By looking at just these few select animals, one can see that they all require different treatment based on their natural predilections. Tigers may be comfortable to exist in solitude with the circus, but a lion would be more accustomed to travelling with his pride, not alone, a sentiment which would be shared my an elephant used to being with a family. Moreover, separate from their preferences for company, both tigers and lions are extremely territorial and are usually in charge