Animals And Its Effects On A Terrestrial Environment

6. Describe several adaptations that enable plants to reduce water loss from their leaves. Include both structural and physiological adaptations.

In addition to providing the animal with shelter, and necessary supplies the natural parks can bring back a whole species from near extinction. In the passage “The Impact of Animal Protection” it directly states that keeping animals protected has proven to be beneficial and increase the population of endangered animals. Bringing animals back from near extinction can be a difficult task, however it is very beneficial. Animal protection is also used to help control animal population from getting out of control. These programs have brought back plenty of species such as black footed ferrets, California condors, red wolves, and golden lion tamarins. (Do Animals Lose in Zoos?) The community would never get to see these amazing creatures if these

Adaptations in terrestrial environments involve the structural and functional qualities of the organism, to achieve the adequate intake of oxygen and other essential substances for the animal to survive, the evolution of more complex anatomical structures were required. Gravity is stronger on land than water, which means terrestrial organisms have to be more structural than aquatic organisms. Also, the balance of gas exchange with water loss is a key feature to survive in land. For example plants, when doing photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen, at the end of this process a lot of water is lost and terrestrial plants have to compensate the water being lost and the water taken from soil. Furthermore, the dispersal of gametes by wind or other animals have helped plants reproduce in large amounts and create varieties of species of the same kind. Short-term weather patterns as well as long-term climate conditions based on precipitations, temperature, wind, humidity as well as other factors are survival obstacles that organisms in land have to adapt to live; endothermic organisms have to maintain a constant internal

There are several major trends that developed in the vertebrate group that has allowed the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. Some of these trends are improved respiration, protective body covering, and more efficient ways to reproduce. The adaptations that have allowed the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life are: Jaws, lungs, jointed vertebrate limbs, water tight skin, amniotic egg for reproduction. In birds and mammals another adaptation that has evolved is that they are endothermic meaning they generate internal heat.

Despite its importance osmosis may also damage cells by causing them to; a) shrink from water loss or b) burst from too much water gain. Plant cells [fig 3] have adapted themselves to ensure that these factors do not affect them, by forming a ridged wall, known as the cell wall, around their cells. The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic medium by resisting water pressure. Plant cells have also adapted a larger vacuole, which occupies 80% or more of the cells cytoplasm (Davidson, 2004); allowing plants to store more water and nutrients per cell. Vacuoles also play a structural role in plant cells; by swelling when liquids contact them, plant vacuoles are able to control turgor pressure within the cell. This helps maintain the structural integrity of the cell as well as providing the plant with suitable amounts of water and nutrients; however the cell will never burst because the vacuole is contained within the cell wall. If plant cells are deprived of water their vacuole will begin to shrink, yet due to the cell the wall, the plant cell will be able to maintain its shape. [fig.4] Animal cells [fig 5] on the other hand do not have this

Most desert plants have a highly developed root system for absorbing any available moisture. Saguaro is a species of cactus, which are the most common xerophytes in the hot desert. Saguaro, the biggest species of cactus in the world is “enable the collection of up to 200 gallons of water during a rainfall”2, it has a shallow but extensive root system. These roots can also keep this cactus anchored when rainstorms come and the soil becomes saturated. Another adaptation that some plants, known as phreatophytes have developed in the hot desert is extremely deep root systems which are considered the deepest roots of all the plants that grow in the desert. These deep roots can help to absorb water from deeper underground which is not available to other plants. Moving to more visual physical features of eremophytes, the leaves of desert plants “tend to be small, thick and covered with a thick cuticle”3. Plants use their leaves for photosynthesis to turn sunlight energy into energy for growing. The small leaves of eremophytes allow photosynthesis for plants to convert energy but can also reduce water loss from moisture evaporation. The thick leaves can absorb and

in a desert climate have some mechanism that allows them to cope with water stress. Some plants

Initially, humans ruled the Earth. No animals, just four humans in each household; two women and two men. However, a powerful volcano came and burned everyone away. EVERYONE WAS WIPED OUT. Within the remains, animals were created. Not every animal though, only sloths, snails and one lion; who was the Magic God.

“The UN along with other agencies reported that not only did livestock play a major role in global warming, it is also the leading cause of resource consumption and environmental degradation destroying the planet today.” (Andersen & Kuhn, 2014). It is important, then, to consider the effects of animal agriculture on the environment. This essay will argue that animal agriculture is harmful to the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, water- and land use, and that policies in the form of subsidizing plant foods, altering the Canada Food Guide, and creating plant based nutrition coaching and support groups should be enacted to solve these problems. The first section of this paper will outline scholarly literature on the effects of animal agriculture on the environment. This paper will then discuss why a plant based diet is also suitable for optimal health. Finally, this essay will conclude with an overview of the various social policies that must be executed to solve these environmental issues.

To protect from water loss vascular plants devolved the cuticle, which is a waxy surface material that is exposed to the plants surface. The stomata also help in avoiding desiccation by closing if there the plant does not have a lot of water. Vascular plants also developed the seed that has a protective coating on it so that it does not dry up and is part of the plants reproduction. The plasmodesmata also aids in helping the plant avoid desiccation. Animals must keep hydrated to avoid desiccation. They must consume plenty of water so they so not get dehydrated. An animal’s skin also helps it in avoiding desiccation. If the animal is an amphibian it must keep its skin moist and usually lives around

Another big con is that the animals are kept in very artificial environments. When an animal lives in the wild, they have a territory. When moved into captivity, although the environment could be made to look and feel realistic, it isn’t to the animal. The smells aren’t the same, the surrounding area isn’t the same etc. Also, animals that are born into captivity and are kept there for their lives, will never get to see their natural habitat and do not have to opportunity to live their life how they should be able to. Their behaviour commonly shows how abnormal this environment is for them, they can see how this environment isn’t natural for them. A massive downside to this is that if the animal is ever released back to the wild for any reason,

Water- Water is required in the photosynthetic reaction. When plants lack water, their stomata close to prevent further water loss. At the same time, closing the stomata cells doesn't allow CO2 to diffuse into the leaf. Water is also therefore, linked to the carbon dioxide factor.

The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive absorption of light and evaporation of water. The transparent, colourless epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.

Animals play key roles in the environment. They help keep natural process running smoothly. Insects help in pollinating diverse plants around the world. Scavengers clean up the carcasses of dead animals everywhere. There are also many different animals that help the environment by recycling various human and animal products. Carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores also keep each other with in the proper population limit. Many of these animals are part of each other’s food supplies as well. Since all of these animals help one another and us, why would we not want to protect them?

It is essential for amphibians to maintain a water balance during terrestrial migratory and dispersal movements (Spotilia & Berman 1976). If amphibians become dehydrated, their oxygen consumption and metabolic state becomes at risk (Pough et al. 1983). As with movement rates, water loss rates are species specific. The northern leopard frog has a higher loss rate than the marine toad due to the northern leopard frog’s higher diffusion rate of water through their permeably skin (Bentley & Yorio 1976). Also, toads typically live a more terrestrial life than most frogs and therefore have developed mechanisms to reduce water losses. Land-cover type and associated micro-environments play a big role in the water losses as amphibians move through terrestrial landscapes. Vegetation can influence soil moisture, humidity, shading, wind speeds, litter cover and other factors that influence water loss rates at the micro-environment scale.