Anna Quindlen Vs Amy Cunningham

Results of the experiment overwhelmingly supported the hypothesis. Particularly in the measurements of smiling. Male-female dyads showed extraordinarily higher frequencies of smiling during conversation than the other dyads. Both same gender dyads showed relatively marginal to moderate frequencies for smiling. Eye contact frequencies were also higher for male-female dyads, though not as overwhelmingly as smiling. In contrast, both same gender dyads showed relatively low frequencies for eye contact.

This idea is portrayed very often in the scene from ‘Up’. One specific example is seen when the male character, Carl, is watching his wife, Ellie, paint their mailbox. He is staring at her intently with a grin on his face, his eyes appearing to be soft. One could interpret this as an expression of interest and affection – Ellie clearly does, as she looks up at him in return and smiles. Another example occurs when Ellie visits Carl in the hospital after he has broken his leg. She glances at him out of the corner of her eye, with a slight smirk on her face. This is one example where there exists an issue of intentionality, as often is present when it comes to nonverbal communication (Hall, Carter, & Horgan, 2000). An observer who is unaware of the couple’s relationship and the circumstances surrounding the situation may mistake Ellie’s glance as a sign of annoyance, however those with more knowledge on the setting can realize that the smirk expresses the thought “Well, we both know what this means...”. Therefore, this particular scene does an excellent job of demonstrating the ambiguity and complexity of countenance in nonverbal communication.

During the argument, both individuals demonstrated affect displays. These are facial expressions motivated by emotion such as a smile or frown. The female had a frown on her face to demonstrate that she was sad

The gender of a person is the masculine or feminine attributes of that individual with respect to the psychological and biological role in society. (Magar, 2009) A gender role can be defined as the way that a person lives in society with respect to its lifestyle. It can be argued that over time the major differences between men and women’s gender roles have faded. In the past traditional roles have been based in their society by their biological orientation. (Magar, 2009) Gender roles can also be described as the behavior and attitudes that are expected of men and women in a society. (Faqs.org, 2011) Although different cultures impose different expectations, many cultures have the same basic gender roles.

Amongst the statistically significant data, male researchers received more smiles from the opposite gender when making a neutral and a smile compared to its own gender at p<.01 for female researchers is receiving more smiles from the opposite gender when making a neutral face. In perspective of the difference between female and male researchers, females received more smiles from the same gender while male researchers received more smiles from the opposite gender. These data sets confirm the part in the hypothesis about men being less likely to offer a smile.

The gender describes how our understandings and perception of differences between masculinity (what society deems appropriate behaviour a “man” and femininity (what society deems appropriate behaviour for a “woman”) are influenced.

It is not the same as sex and it is not the same as women. Gender is determined by the origination of tasks, functions and roles attributed to women and men in society and in public and private life.

Most people are surprised to learn exactly how much information they communicated about themselves through their facial expressions. The intricacies of what one does with their the eyes, eyebrows, forehead, lips, tongue, teeth, and mouth while listening or talking combine to send some

Cunningham believes smiles should not be presented unless one is inevitably happy, but

When we look up gender in the dictionary it states “Although it is possible to define gender as “sex,” indicating that the term can be used when differentiating male creatures from female ones biologically, the concept of gender, a word primarily applied to human beings, has additional connotations—more rich and more amorphous—having to do with general behavior, social interactions, and most importantly, one 's fundamental sense of self.” When I define gender I automatically define it as being a boy and girl or male and female. People define gender in so many ways, but it is in the way that we think more outside of the box based on people’s opinions, that make us wonder more.

Gender is a learned social construction on what you do. It is a cultural system based on the binary opposition of men and women but there are also variations

Merriam-Webster provides two definitions for the meaning of gender. The first is simply that gender is a synonym for sex. The second, however, states that gender is “the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex (Merriam-Webster).” This is the definition for gender used in this paper, while sex is defined separately, as the biological differences between males and females.

The term ‘gender’ was coined by John Money in 1955: “Gender is used to signify all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself/herself as having the status of a boy or man, girl or woman, respectively” (Coleman and Money, 1991, 13). In

In society, the biological difference between men and women is used as a justification for aligning them with different social roles which restrict and mold their attitudes and behavior. Merriam-Webster defines gender as the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex. Narrow minded society of today is not satisfied with the natural difference of sex, but each insist on adding a cultural difference of gender to it. The unsophisticated, ideal physical facts always become associated with the complex psychological qualities (Holter). It is not enough for a male to be a man; he must also be masculine. A woman, in addition to being a female, must be feminine (Magner). In a more evolved and accepting society,

Vision Reporter (2016) concluded that smiling may seem like an involuntary response to something cute or funny, but it is much more than that. He believes studies suggest that smiling, forced or not, can have a positive effect on the mood, decrease stress levels, and even make everyone around feel better (Vision Reporter, 2016). As Thich Nhat Hanh (n.d) points out, “sometimes your joy is the source of your smile, but sometimes your smile can be the source of your joy”. Shimamura, Ross, & Bennett (2006) study determined the advantage of a happy face was observed even when faces were inverted (upside down) and even when the salient perceptual feature (broad grin) was controlled across. According to Kraft and Pressman (2012) study revealed that all smiling participants, regardless of whether they were aware of smiling, had lower heart. Hagan (2010) supports the research adds to mounting evidence that a happy disposition can have a powerful impact on health as well as life expectancy conditions.