Annotated Bibiliography on Eating Disorders Essay

In 1981, a researcher named Fairburn conducted the first study applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to the treatment of bulimia nervosa. In a recently published report by D. L. Spangler (1999), CBT is touted as “a well-developed, theoretically grounded treatment for bulimia nervosa with the strongest empirical support for its efficacy of any form of treatment for bulimia nervosa.” Today cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy commonly used to treat patients with bulimia nervosa (BN).

In this report I have chosen to investigate bulimia and describe the variety of services available and how they support someone suffering from this condition. People who have bulimia try to control their weight by severely restricting the amount of food they eat, then binge eating and purging the food from their body by making themselves vomit or using laxatives. Therefore this can make the individual severely sick and depressed. There are a range of services available for help and support for someone who suffers from bulimia.

The cognitive view of the maintenance of bulimia nervosa stresses that there is more to an individual's eating problem then just binge eating (and purging). Low self-esteem, extreme concerns about shape and weight, and strict dieting are all implicated in perpetuating the vicious cycle of bulimia (Fairburn et al., 1993). Within the first stage of treatment (weekly sessions 1-8), the following steps characterize the cognitive-behavioral approach: 1) orient

There are many things that people think of when the words eating disorders are said. Many people do not know what an eating disorder actually is and what actually happenes when you have an eating disorder or how to detect a eating disorder. There are many types of eating disorders but they all have one thing in common, phsycological disorders. The main types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Bindge eating but are not limited to these. The main focus in theses eating disorders are food. Many eating disorder patients have problems with self body issues and/or self confidence. There are many problems with these eating disorders and it is a huge problem in the country today. This paper will tell you what a eating

The subject matter in this piece suggests that you need to have prior information about cognitive behaviour as well as bulimia nervosa. This makes the target audience for this study psychologists, and psychiatrists who specialize in the field of eating disorders as well as cognitive behavioural therapy. The study investigates the comparison of two different measures of dietary restraint and how they relate, and vary in many aspects. It also provides evidence that the Eating Disorders Examinations Restraint subscale (EDE-R) is more efficient in measuring changes in dietary restraint than the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Cognitive Restraint subscale (TFEQ-CR). Overall the piece was very thorough, and it even stated how it might be improved by more testing, and also by narrowing down the construct of dietary restraint, which would enhance the researchers understanding of people’s response to treatment.

According to the DSM-5, eating disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating–related behavior that results in non-normative eating patterns which leads to impaired physical and psychosocial functioning, (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating with inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. Binge eating is described as eating an amount of food definitely larger than normal with a sense of lack of control. Compensatory behaviors include misuse of laxatives, self-induced vomiting, diuretics, fasting and excessive exercise, (Comer, 2014) . Another key feature is

The DSM-IV outlines five criteria for bulimia nervosa (APA, 1994). One, there are recurrent episodes of binge eating. Binge eating is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger that most people would consume in a similar period of time. The binge eating must also be characterized by a sense of lack of control over eating. Two, there are recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting, the misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise. Three, the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior both occur, on average, at least twice a week for three months. Four, self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. Five, the disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa. There are two types of bulimia nervosa: the purging type (the person regularly engages in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives or diuretics) and the nonpurging type (the person uses other compensatory strategies such as fasting or excessive exercise).

Kraemer (2007) determined a disorder was a clinically relevant implication and diagnosis was establishing a disorder is existent in patient. The use of dimensional and categorical perspectives is to enforce the quality of diagnosis rather than the disposition of the disorder. Adding a dimensional aspect to the DSM-V categorical diagnoses rather than to trying to replace it required considerations of symptom factors including the amount, duration, severity, degree of impairment and the final diagnosis. There were illustrated advantages of dimensional over categorical diagnoses in a trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy as implicit for the treatment of eating disorders (Vartanian, Polivy & Herman, 2004). If a dimensional measure of frequency of binges and purges are used for cases of Bulimia Nervosa, a statistically significant effect would have been observed, demonstrating that the diagnostic treatment is more effective in low-risk than that of high-risk groups. If this were categorical, CBT would be seen as ineffective as a treatment. A statistical perspective portrays the advantages of using dimensional over categorical results provide greater overview to perceive greater treatment effects, accuracy in estimates within a cohort, and better ability to detect symptoms in determining a diagnosis. Inconsistencies and theoretical weaknesses are inherent in the current DSM since most ED patients are largely atypical. In the

The Eating Disorder Inventory was developed in 1983 by David M. Garner, Marion P. Olmstead, and Janet Polivy but was officially published in 1984. The original Eating Disorder Inventory assessment was created for the sole purpose of evaluating the “psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa and bulimia” (Garner, Olmstead, & Polivy, p.15, 1983). The researchers wanted to develop yet another instrument aimed at eating disorders because the previous instruments were only used for inpatient clients or intended for the behavioral aspects of anorexia nervosa in particular. The researchers felt that bulimia was not being accounted for in previous assessments and that the depth of these disorders was much more complex than the previous assessments were exploring. They felt that they needed to develop an instrument to measure various other traits in order to properly treat individuals with eating disorders.

Bulimia nervosa, or binge-purge syndrome, is an eating disorder which mostly occurs in females (Comer, 2014). Depending on their preference in etiological models, psychologists treat bulimia nervosa differently. For psychologists following the biological model of abnormality, one popular method to treat bulimia nervosa is to prescribe antidepressant medication. Through extensive research on the subject, psychologists know that certain psychotropic medications effectively treat bulimia nervosa. Despite these positive results, psychologists do consider other treatment methods. Recent research results suggest that a comprehensive treatment which includes both antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) The case study conducted by Safer,Telch & Agras (2001) evaluates the effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) for treating eating disorder. The main aim of Safer’s (2001) study is to help patients overcome eating disordered behaviours by training them to regulate emotions during their episodes. The case study is on a 36-year-old woman who has been suffering from bulimia nervosa whose condition worsened six years into the 13 year long problem. The patient was given a 20 session DBT treatment upon being unresponsive to her two year counselling.

In our Western society, we have several different types of eating dysfunction, all of which are unique and tragic in their own right. Despite their individuality, however, they all have several overlapping symptoms that are key to their classification and severity. For Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED), one of the core features is binge eating, which can be defined objectively by number of calories eaten in a given time or subjectively by the feelings of the binger. Binge eating has many different aspects that are of interest to scientists and clinicians alike. One of those interests has to do with the reduction of this symptom among populations being treated for their respective disorder. Because both

Many of the results obtained from this study agreeably compare with those of other studies. Yet, this study points out the difficulty of comparing such studies. The main complication being that the criteria chosen to categorize outcome groups may differ from study to study. Twenty-five percent of the sample still suffered from bulimia nervosa and fulfilled diagnostic criteria of the disease. The number of members in the good outcome group contained 47.2% of the sample. Firstly, the study provides further evidence supporting the view that symptomatically bulimia nervosa improves with time (Johnson-Sabine, 1992). Secondly, this study contradicts the idea that bulimia nervosa is a variant of affective disorder. Thirdly, the study found a correlation between the good outcome group and fewer social problems. There was no significant association found between alcohol abuse and outcome group. Finally, the study confirmed that sufferers of bulimia nervosa are best managed in out-patient programs due

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are eating disorders that severely affect both men and women around the world. The cause of the eating disorder usually derives from psychological, biological and social forces. Eating disorders have become an epidemic in American society, twenty-four million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S. (National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders.\, 2011). There are many ways to address and treat an eating disorder. There have been multiple studies conducted to test the effectiveness of different types of treatment. My central research question analyzes the relationship between the continuation of the eating disorder with the presence of intervention or some

The researchers established validity and reliability for the numerous subscales, questions, and items throughout the assessment by obtaining many subsamples of individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia and a control group of individuals that did not have the disorder and looking at the results between the two. The researchers took three subsamples of female patients with anorexia nervosa that were being treated at the time. The patients were all at different steps in their treatment plans but none of the individuals were fully recovered. The control group was made up of three subsamples of females that were attending a university that were in a freshman or sophomore level psychology course and completing the questionnaire was optional.