Annotated Bibliography

The main purpose of this article is to examine various research on the etiology of stuttering. The experimental research explored various brain circuitries involved, specifically the the basal ganglia. Furthermore, the meta-analysis discussed neuroimaging, lesion, pharmacological, and genetic studies on the neural circuitries connected to persistent developmental stuttering and acquired neurogenic stuttering.

A cancer diagnosis completely changes a person's life. People have to visit their doctors often for treatments. That leaves little time to spend with one's family. It can also have a negative effect on one's appearance. This is why many cancer patients suffer from low self-esteem. However, one young woman has shown that she is not going to let cancer keep her down.

When at school, the lack of education of peers can lead to children suffering cancer are more likely to be mocked and deliberately ignored (research conducted by Chesler et al ), which research has shown can lead to serious psychological issues in the long-term (such as anxiety and depression). However, studies carried out in schools, are yet to operationalise certain behaviours as researches usually obtain their findings by relying on teachers report and may indicate elements of subjectivity and stereotypic theories on how children being treated for cancer could act.

Brain tumours (BT) is common in childhood, which is approximately 3.3 per 100,000 per year (Butler, 2005). As technology develops and medical advances, paediatric cancer survivor were able to live longer than five years. However, there are late effects that can cause the ability to learn like normal kids. Stephanie Satariano had research the late effects of brain tumours that pediatric cancer survivors have experience growing up and difficulties. These difficulties effects the survivor socially, emotionally, psychically and also impact his or her ability to develops, learns, and wellbeing.

This article is very useful for my future career as a Child Life Specialist. One of my main goals will be for me to help my patients cope during their prolonged stay at the hospital. Therefore, with this type of research I will be able to address siblings who are being effected by the illness. Understanding that my patient’s illness is effecting the patient’s whole family. I will be able to provide services to the siblings up front without having to prove why the services are needed. The research will not only help me but, also help parents to understand that their other children are being effected by the diagnosis. As stated in article, when diagnosed with cancer, children and their families members may perceive the diagnosis as a threat to

Moreover, children and parents rated daily functioning as more stressful than uncertainty about cancer for children. These results indicate that near the time of diagnosis, children with cancer consider impairment in daily roles as more stressful than not understanding the implications of their diseases in other domains. As such, stressors related to daily role stressors likely require the greatest efforts to cope. In addition, parents’ and children’s cancer–related report on all three types of stressors were statistically significant correlated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (Rodriguez et al., 2012) suggesting that coping with these stressors may impact children’s psychosocial

According to an article published by Dr. Zabora and his colleagues (2001), it has been reported that lung cancer patients have some of the highest rates of psychological distress whereas men with prostate cancer have amongst the lowest rates of distress. One might wonder why there is a difference between the rates of distress when both groups of individuals have cancer. The simplest answer would be that these rates differ because individuals are not able to effectively adapt to their situation and have difficulty in changing their lifestyle. This is because cancer does disrupt all aspects of an individual’s lifestyle. Also, it is possible that an individual already has pre-existing psychosocial factors (i.e. history of depression, substance

A report published by Reuters Health also shared that based on questionnaires given to parents of nearly 3,000 former cancer patients, teenage survivors were 50 percent more likely to suffer from depression or anxiety symptoms than their siblings. They were also 70 percent more likely to show antisocial behavior, such as problems getting along with their peers.

“Most of our lives can go on with normal ups and downs, but the winds of change can blow in a tragic event that can uproot our world as we know it.” Dan B. Allender, the Healing Path. When my son was 6 years old he was diagnosed with Retinoblastoma. To be helpless watching your child experience surgeries, chemo treatments, nausea and bullying from fellow kindergarteners is difficult. You do everything within your power to minimize the suffering to your family. The treatment was successful and after 6 months he was in remission. Though this was a very hard time for me it did not compare to when we found out the cancer had returned 5 ½ years later.

The diagnosis of cancer is never welcome, but may be even more difficult and unexpected when the disease affects children and adolescents. Every year, approximately 1 in 285 children in the US will be diagnosed with some type of cancer before the age 20 (American Cancer Society, 2014). Children and adolescents diagnosed with the disease face many stressors related to their diagnosis, including adverse side effects associated with medical treatments, social difficulties, frequent absences from school, uncertainty about the disease and its treatment, and fears about death (Rodriguez et al., 2012; Sorgen & Manne, 2002;). These sources of stress are frequently associated with clinically relevant

Imagine your older sister was just diagnosed with Leukemia. How does that make you feel? How do you think she feels? I wanted to research the thoughts and feelings someone who has cancer might go through. From the research, I found depression to play a big role in the outcome of the patient’s therapies and quality of life with cancer. In fact, a study shows there is a direct correlation between the two, which is quite fascinating; it amazes me how the brain, the body, and the unconscious mind work together. This topic hits home when it comes to cancer. Sadly, we have all lost someone to the deadly disease or know someone who is battling it right now. I’ve always wondered what my loved one might be feeling. Do they believe they can fight cancerous cells or will they succumb to the illness and fall into depression? I find it upsetting to see the second choice happen, but what if there was something we could do? These questions lead me to research the correlation between two hardships: cancer and depression.

“The truth is that cancer was the best thing that ever happened to me. I don’t know why I got the illness, but it did wonders for me, and I wouldn’t want to walk away from it” (Armstrong, 2002). Lance Armstrong’s quote shows how dealing with chronic illness like prostate cancer is not always negative. Chronic illness can be extremely stressful and terrifying. Regardless, many patients still cope effectively and draw positive outcomes from their illness (Petrie, Buick, Weinman, & Booth, 1999). Multiple studies have termed this phenomena Benefit Finding (BF) or Post Traumatic growth (PTG) (Sears, Stanton, & Danoff-Burg, 2003). Currently there is no consensus on terminology for this construct (Pakenham, 2010). I will use these terms interchangeably throughout this essay based on what is used in the literature. It is important to study benefit finding to get a comprehensive understanding of how individuals cope with serious illness, rather than only studying the negative aspects of illness. This may add positive psychology to current interventions in coping. There is clear evidence that patients report positive outcomes across various illnesses. This essay will examine this evidence and provide conclusions on the relationships between demographic variables such as age, race, gender and socioeconomic status with benefit finding. It will also examine if illness

Cancer in adults is very different from that of cancer in children. Childhood cancers are usually not related to their lifestyle or environmental risk factors like adult cancers tend to be (“What are the differences”). The common types of cancers are also very different. In children the most common types of cancers are leukemia, cancers of the brain and central nervous system, and lymphoma. In these types of cancers there are also subcategories, and every child’s case tends to be different because there can be multiple types of one cancer. Treatment for childhood cancer is also very underdeveloped. Children who have survived cancer have very high risk for long-term health problems. They are forced to have careful check-ups for the rest of their lives

Individuals living with cancer frequently experience psychological distress throughout the course of the illness. Psychological distress can interfere with the ability to cope with cancer. The study done by Patterson and McDonald (2015) investigates how young people who participate in mindfulness display less psychological distress and less uncertainty. In another study, it was found that

The authors of a comparable study of bone cancer patients reported a similar finding. 2 The applied measure, namely, the “global adjustment to illness” scale, identified psycho- social maladjustment in only 12% of patients, whereas 88% had at the very most minor psychosocial prob- lems. On the other hand, 59% of the childhood cancer survivors examined by Koocher and O’Malley exhib- ited symptoms of depression, anxiety, self-esteem problems, or fluctuations in mood. 4