Annotated Bibliography: Development Of The Worker Class In The Ottoman Empire

I will first start by talking about the ottomans military organization its consisted of Janissarys who were military and administrative workers, next came the siphihi who were the Calvary, and the last element was the timar holders who were land owners and calvery.

century in which Europeans embarked on extensive overseas expeditions. European nations, such as Portugal, Spain, England, and the Netherlands, participated heavily in global trade and set up many trade colonies and routes. Many people will say that the European’s only reason for exploration was to spread Christianity, obtain gold, and gain glory through their conquests and acquisition of lands. Some people might also say that the Ottomans heavily influenced the Europeans to participate in this period of exploration. Although the goals of “God, gold, and glory” are often associated with the Age of Exploration, the Ottoman Empire had a greater influence on the desire of European states to establish overseas empires and employ mercantilist economy

The Ottoman Empire, during its peak, was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world, where the empire lasted from the fourteenth century until the early twentieth century. The Ottoman Empire stretched from North Africa, Arabs states, and the Balkan. However, just like any great empire, the Ottoman Empire would eventually experience significant problems and potentially lead to its decline as a great power in the European and Asian continent. In order to combat the decline of the empire and bring back their strength in comparison to the European powers, the Ottomans started a period of reform, known as the Tanzimat (1839 – 1876), which means reorganization in Turkish. There were major reforms developed for the empire, but whether they were truly effective is still debated.

The Ottoman had several scenes of decline and each one had marked their history and are linked with it so I will explain each one. The armistice of 1918 ended the fighting between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies but didn´t bring stability or peace to the region. The British controlled Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia.

One of the most important events of the history was European expansion into the new world. Traditional Feudal societies collapsed under the weight of demographic and political changes during Eurasia experienced Mongol expansion and Black death. There was sociopolitical and religious conflict between states and reconsideration of traditional knowledge and institution. The social and intellectual revolutions in Europe can be considered provocative and subversive. Revolutions in the European society encouraged each other incrementally rather than remaining isolated and produced systematic and lasting changes in the European society.

In this essay I will break down and give background on the conflicts between the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. I will compare and contrast a few of the economical differences between these empires.

The ottoman empire originated in the late 12th century near the city of Constantinople by Turkish natives who began to build an empire after their leader, Osman. The Ottoman Empire was run by a small ruling class with the sultan in the highest position. Interestingly, the Ottomans allowed their subjects to live under the laws of their own separate religions. The Ottoman Empire put a strong focus on industrialization. They focused on developing many cities into commercial and industrial centers.

Once the rebellions and strikes settled down in the nineteenth-century people could continue working and could have the ability to have major success while working. There were favorable outcomes in terms of money, workers needs, and the ability to spread the political power around so it was not concentrated and owned by one person or company for each prospective market. While the decrease in strikes, eight-hour workdays, and compensation for some workers looked to have made gain in the labor workforce, it actually was the opposite. Problems still surfaced like the division of the workforce ethnically and racially, increase in immigrants, and the enlargement of wealth for the big political figures and the people in command.

Originally, the Ottoman Empire was strictly centralized in order to preserve sovereignty upon all territories. Under stability, the empire was able to tax easier allowing the acquisitions of new wealth. The two tax revenue mainstreams came from the “tithe and cizye” (Zürcher,2007). Once the Ottoman bureaucracy struggled during the empire’s decline, it was unable to provide money or any income for the Sultan to carry out affairs. The ability to not tax creates the opportunities for leakages within institutions. With the inability to sustain tax revenues, the Sultan loses certain authority in area. Rigged with corruption and economic decline, the Ottoman Empire gradually lost regions due to nationalist movements. These movements led to the decline

This demonstrates that since the stress of waging war was tremendous, it should be no surprise that the first war could be a primary cause of the Russian Revolution. Moreover, the major powers of Europe hurt Russia in World War I; yet, by 1917, all the combatants horrifically suffered from the strains of war economically, proving this to be a long-term cause. This was, to a great extent, considerable because the military defeats and social strains of World War I had created a crisis in Imperial Russia. Before, Russia had some military accomplishments and they were on their way to being successful. Nevertheless, their triumphs were not long-standing; hence, Russia was not able to be victorious due to the fact that Russia decreased in economy because of the limitations in Russia. Similarly, restraints included the shortage of food and the huge problems with getting the obligatory materials for the army during World War I, which shows that this was momentous. Along with Russia being defeated and having a scarcity of supplies, Russia also showed economic oppression due to the pressure in jobs workers faced.

Persia spent 79 percent of its budget on the royal family and army alone, leaving little of the remaining budget to be spent on the maintenance of the nation and its peoples. The Ottomans followed a similar structure, in tax-farming, where certain nobles, and civil servants were given the right to collect and keep the taxes from specific lands until the government official came to collect it for the Sultan’s direct use. This only increased the inefficiency of the Ottoman bureaucracy: starved of their east indies trade routes by the Portuguese, British and Dutch, as inflation rose globally with the influx of silver from the New World, which made prices in Western Europe rise between “300 and 400 percent”. The effects of this were devastating to the Ottoman Empire as the most overarching and self-destructive economic policy of “controlling the silver mines and alternatively debasing and reissuing their currency” This secured the weakening of the national economy as the price of the silver dramatically over the decades following Spanish colonization, and so did the value of the

The rise of the Ottoman Empire started in Turkey and spread through most of the Middle East. Their military practice and successful transition to the use of gun powder made them one of the most successful ruling bodies in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire which ruled until modern times had great influence on the Middle Eastern world. Their political and economic abilities astonished the western world. Their religious views and fears were instilled into any non-Muslim and helped the western world to find new trade. The rise of Christianity in the western world provided new ways to preserve the dead and ended the need for frankensence, the main export of the Ottoman Empire. This

The Ottoman Turks emerged on the periphery of the Byzantine Empire and the Saljuk Turks. Under a Turkish Muslim warrior named Osman, raids were conducted in western Anatolia on Byzantine settlements and a vast number of Turks were united under his banner. Those Turks who flocked to Osman's banner and followed him into the history books came to be called the Ottomans. The word Ottoman, fits these Turks well as it roughly translates from Turkish as "those associated with Oman."

The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire by Sam White is a study of the Ottoman environmental history during the early modern time. Even though environmental history field has been existed for a while, there is very little research on the Ottoman Empire’s environmental history. Despite the limited resources, White finds a different way to approach the issue and writes the first study about the environmental history of the early modern Ottoman Empire. In the beginning, White only questioned the impact of human utilization of the land on the environment of the Near East during early modern time. However, when White suspected that there was a connection between Ottoman lands longest drought and the Celali Rebellion in 1596, he decides to utilize his environmental history’s knowledge and perspective to study further about the political, economic, and social revolution of the Ottoman Empire (White xi).

At its peak, the Ottoman Empire spread across 3 continents and was known as the most powerful empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the beginning, the Ottomans were descendants of the Seljuk Turks, the great empire in Asia. The Ottomans were military minded and raided surrounding areas. Of these raiders, or Gazis, Osman I was the most important. Sultan Osman Gazi I was an expert at invading and conquering. Soon, Osman and his followers, Ottomans, created a small state in Anatolia. They bought and conquered land and expanded their small state into an empire. Also, their military was the first to use gunpowder and cannons as an offense and thus were considered the greatest military at the time. With all of this, their Empire successfully survived from one family line of Sultans for seven centuries. Because of their strength and superiority, the Ottomans were considered one of the most successful Empires in history.