Annotated Bibliography

pUC19 contains ampicillin resistance gene, which allows selection for bacteria that has received a copy of the

The Rise in Mental Health in the United States: Comprehending the Past and Moving Forward, Especially in Youth

Introduction In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA) [1]. Bacteria evolve rapidly not only by mutation

Tyre, Peg. "The Writing Revolution." The Atlantic. The Atlantic, Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

The main purpose of this article is to examine various research on the etiology of stuttering. The experimental research explored various brain circuitries involved, specifically the the basal ganglia. Furthermore, the meta-analysis discussed neuroimaging, lesion, pharmacological, and genetic studies on the neural circuitries connected to persistent developmental stuttering and acquired neurogenic stuttering.

A Chakra & Kundalini Workbook, by Dr. Jonn Mumford (Swami Anadakapila Sarawati) 4th Edition 2001 Llewellyn Publications.

Agocs, C. (1997). Institutionalized resistance to organizational change: Denial, inaction and repression. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(9), 917-931.

New research techniques have made it possible to engineer and explore differences in the sets of chromosomes in organisms. This has been a technological revolution during the last decade. Allowing scientists to be able to explore DNA to a new extent. During the process of this research it has come apparent that foreign DNA inserted into self-replicating genetic elements such as bacteria plasmids can replicate. This breakthrough has also shown that the plasmids that have been used can also be used to change the genetic constitution of other organisms (1).

Mobile genetic elements have the ability to encode bacterial pathogenicity, metabolic functions, and resistance factors. Genes that encode other toxins known as phage encoded, and plasmid encoded Gram negative, and Gram positive organisms have the ability to spread among a population. Gene transfer by plasmid and phage encoded microorganisms may play a role in the creation of new pathogenic variants. Other virulence factors can be found on the chromosome, and can function as virulence blocks. Specific areas on these genes are known as pathogenicity islands.These islands show us that genetic elements that effect bacterial virulence and the genetic flexibility of certain bacterium. They may be involved in the process of microbial evolution.

Bacterial transformation is the process of moving genes from a living thing to another with the help of a plasmid.The plasmid is able to help replicate the chromosomes by themselves; laboratories use these to aid in gene multiplication. Bacterial transformation is relevant in everyday lives due to the fact that almost all plasmids carry a bacterial origin of replication and an antibiotic resistance gene(“Addgene: Protocol - How to Do a Bacterial

This study was undertaken to develop an understanding of bacterial transformation by plasmid DNA. This study enables one to observe various traits displayed by transformed bacterial cells. Four experiments were conducted that included (1) Bacterial Transformation, (2) Genomic/Plasmid extraction, (3) DNA Electrophoresis, and(4) Plasmid /Oxidation EMSA. In this study, a transformation of the strain Escherichia coli also known as E. coli will be examined with a special plasmid called pGLO. This study was done to prepare the plasmid into a bacterium and use it to make large quantities by amplifying it. By allowing RNA

Injection of DNA into cells which results in the inheritance of traits contained in the DNA injected is known as genetic transformation (Lorenz et al, 1994). Genetic transformation that occurs naturally has resulted in evolution. The efficiency and rate of exchange of genetic material can be increased if both organisms use the same system of genetic information storage e.g. DNA plasmid (Johnsborg et al, 2007). The bacteria E.Coli which are used in the experiment are sensitive to antibiotic, they do not glow and are easily transformed (Dickson, 2008). Bacteria are single celled which increases the result of an uptake of substance, and E.Coli have circular DNA or better known as plasmids. These plasmids can be replicated and passed on to the next generation. The plasmids added to the colonies will be used as the medium for insertion and expression of the foreign DNA sequence (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, No Date). A gene carrying the GFP or Green Fluorescent Protein is used in the experiment. GFP is found naturally in the North American jellyfish, Aequorea Victoria, and is harmless hence leading to its usage as a tool to study gene expression in an organism as they are easily visible (Dickson, 2008). GFP causes an organism to glow under UV light.

The high incidence of structural variants among populations throughout the world may confer biological advantages as individuals heterozygous for B, C, and D may be protected against some intracellular pathogens i.e. Mycobacteria species and Leishmania species .

The use of transformation is becoming increasingly popular in use by genetic engineers to bring new genetic material into a wide range of life forms. In bacterial transformation, DNA (whether plasmid or chromosomal) is taken from a contributor cell to a beneficiary cell as a section of exposed DNA. The giver cells should first be lysed to allow the release of the DNA. After discharge from the contributor cell, huge chromosomal DNA is effectively separated into smaller parts of exposed DNA. Conversely, the smaller plasmid DNA stays in place as little, roundabout bits of DNA. Cells equipped for taking up high-atomic weight DNA is said to be competent. To achieve competence experimentally, most bacteria must be be grown and studied under painstakingly controlled conditions. Nonetheless, individuals from some bacterial genera, for example, Acinetobacter, are actually very naturally competent.

Therefore, virulence varies among isolated cultures, although the origins of these evolutionary adaptations on a molecular level are all interconnected and can be studied though tracing genetic elements of between bacterial populations and those found in animals and humans [3].