Annotated Bibliography

The authors of the article I chose “Childhood Sexual Abuse, Distress, and Alcohol-Related Moderation by Drinking to Cope” were Kathryn Z. Smith, Phillip H. Smith and Emily R. Grekin. And their hypotheses was “childhood sexual abuse would be associated with distress, but that this distress would only be associated with problem drinking among those who scored high on coping motives for drinking”. Found on page four of ten. They started with the hypothesis that distress would mediate the pathway between childhood sexual abuse and problem drinking. Also that the pathway between distress and problem drinking would be moderated by coping motives for drinking. They used path analyses to examine the moderated-mediation.

However, ADHD medication has another common use to treat symptoms that resemble ADHD but may not be the disorder are for patients who suffer from brain injuries. Being a patient who suffered from a mild traumatic brain injury, I am a prime example of a case where ADHD medication was prescribed as needed. After being thoroughly examined by my neurologist, I was prescribed an ADHD medication due to the fact that my cognitive abilities and functions were not where they were supposed to be. The neurologist treating me throughout my brain injury felt it was necessary that I take a stimulant because following the brain injury I was also diagnosed with post concussive syndrome. He diagnosed me with post concussive syndrome by using the DSM-IV as he briefly mentioned. In order to properly assess my brain injury, the neurologist did a thorough examination consisting of a physical and neuropsychiatric evaluation. As I figured out through personal experience, ADHD medication is not used only on patients who suffer from ADHD. These types of medications

Michael Jordan, one of the all-time greatest basketball legends, explains how to overcome obstacles in life: “If you are trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I’ve had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don’t have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don’t turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it.” Michael Jordan, Albert Einstein, John F. Kennedy, Michael Phelps, Walt Disney (Sonny) - all of these very successful men have one significant thing in common. They are all diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperniss Disorder (ADHD). This can be considered proof that people with ADHD are capable of great things. In Jordan's quote, he talks about roadblocks and how people should overcome them. In this instance ADHD is the roadblock and medication is the way around it. Those who have ADHD should be medicated because the stigma of the disorder and medication continues to lessen with time and information, the positives of taking medication outweigh the negatives, the selection of medications is becoming more varied, and it allows the patient to advance in school and their careers. Many people are against medication due to ignorance, when all they need is a better understanding of the effects of it. The number of patients diagnosed with ADHD taking medication is rising due to the accessibility of the information. Many people are seeing how the good outweigh the bad which

Attention Deficit Disorder better known as ADD and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ADHD are diseases mostly discovered in children that have difficulty staying on task and focused in a classroom setting. Children take certain medications to help them concentrate and stay on task. Parents believe that medicating students will allow them to better fit in school. Schools believe that if students take these certain medications, it will help them perform better on assignments and on tests. Teachers think that students will be able to adapt to the learning curriculum better.

This academic journal is written by Shaheen E. Lakhan. (source and author) The point of this segment was to test how people react to prescriptive stimulants. Those who have ADHD and those who do not. (summary) This source is helpful to my research because it compares the effects on students that take adderall, prescribed to them or not. (relevance)

Medication for ADHD can cause a great deal of overdose for children that have ADHD. Their bodies will get addicted to the medication when they cannot do without them. If a patient stop taking it, their bodies will shut –down and start reacting in a strange way. These hidden symptoms can cause behavioral analysis that can evaluate the effect in medication that has form in the children body. It all starts from genetics, which cause ADHD, so it can be diagnose from the medication that can help the situation. This could be a good thing or a bad situation. The real risk factor of taking medication could start at birth or afterbirth.

This overabundance of coverage has led to a kind of public hysteria, parents and doctors now see ADHD around every corner. It has almost become a social norm for a child in school to have ADHD. One could argue that ADHD isn't necessarily a disorder but an unfortunate byproduct of a fast paced reward driven Society. Luckily there is hope. Recent studies have been done and new tests have been designed to help curb the tide of malingering in terms of ADHD. “The IVA CPT adequately distinguished adults with ADHD from non-ADHD” (Colleen A Quinn 2003) Many people will fake the symptoms of ADHD in order to get access to the prescriptions given to those who suffer from the disorder I say few that these medications will help give them in the edge in their work or home life. Students will sometimes take these drugs and hopes that will help them focus on the paper that there trying to write or give them that needed edge to focus on the test they are taking the next day. Either is are pursuing these drugs for recreational use they are hoping for a high off of the schedule

“The figures showed that an estimated 6.4 million children ages 4 through 17 had received an A.D.H.D. diagnosis at some point in their lives, a 16 percent increase since 2007 and a 41 percent rise in the past decade. About two-thirds of those with a current diagnosis receive prescriptions for stimulants like Ritalin or Adderall, which can drastically improve the lives of those with A.D.H.D. but can also lead to addiction, anxiety and occasionally psychosis.” (Schwarz) These increasing rates at which Adderall and other stimulants are being prescribed are contributing to the pills availability

In most cases the teen is either prescribed an adhd drug or knows a friend who is prescribed to them. This opens a window of opportunity to them thinking if they take more of the drug they’ll focus even better. This is seen a lot in college were teens would take double the Adderall just so they can stay up all night and cram for the classes the next day. Now this is normal when looking at college students and almost all of them have tried Adderall to do better. What makes it a problem is when they start to depend on it and takes excessive amounts becoming

One of the strongest arguments against the use of stimulants and amphetamines as a method for treating ADHD is connected to the belief that we as a society are overprescribing medications for the

From the very beginning of the research, the authors were very detailed with background information about the ADHD prescription phenomenon reporting that the rise in the number of

I can personally relate to how overly prescribed individuals are today with ADHD medication, and the dangers these medicines pose. Last year I got a concussion playing soccer and as a result I was having trouble with school. I went to the doctors to see

There were a quantity of 126 participants randomly designated to be part of this study. From these 126 participants, 59 were male (47%) and 60 were female (48%) with 7 participants not providing their gender (5%). Ages ranging from a minimum of 17 to a maximum of 59 with a mean of 25.30 years (SD=8.77), while seven participant’s age information was missing. The sample population involved 30.2% Caucasian (N=38), 42.9% Hispanic (N=54), 1.6% Native Indian (N=2), 11.9 African American (N=15), 4.0 Asian American (N=5) and 6.3% reporting others (N=8). See Appendix A

It is determined ADHD, is caused by an imbalance of chemicals affecting certain parts of the human brain that work with attention, impulses and concentration Mall & Holland, (2013). Some of the symptoms include daydreaming, forgetting or losing items, and having difficulty resisting temptation. Some of the medication that is provided to patients with ADHD is Ritalin and Concerta. There are some concerns that ADHD medication may led to substance abuse Brown University, (2013). According to Brown University, (2013), the increase in the diagnosis of ADHD may have resulted from over – diagnoses of ADHD or inaccurate information reported from the parents that were surveyed by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). This report has raised questions about the increase in ADHD

Mental illness is another major reason why individuals start using drugs and eventually become dependent. Chronic drug abuse may occur in concurrence with any mental illness identified in the American Psychiatric Association (DSMIV). Some common serious mental disorders associated with chronic substance abuse include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, manic depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and generalized anxiety disorder (National Drug Intelligence Center). Some people may use drugs on a regular basis as ways to self- medicate themselves if they are dealing with any