Annotated Bibliography For Essay

The annual rate of precipitation, and elevational range once generated a strong foundation for a wide diversity of vegetation

The main purpose of this article is to examine various research on the etiology of stuttering. The experimental research explored various brain circuitries involved, specifically the the basal ganglia. Furthermore, the meta-analysis discussed neuroimaging, lesion, pharmacological, and genetic studies on the neural circuitries connected to persistent developmental stuttering and acquired neurogenic stuttering.

Banff National Park in Alberta Canada has a very interesting climate. The study site only a few miles away from the city of Banff resides on the front ranges of the Rocky Mountains. The Continental Divide is only 45 km (28 miles) west of the study location. The climate around the park as a whole is interesting. It is commonly known to be completely different weather at varying temperatures all over the park. Throughout the day, the weather frequently changes dramatically. Areas studied included dry meadows, shrub-fields and shrub-lands, open or immature forest and mature forests. All of which have a nutrient rich post-wildfire soil. The forests are primarily spruce, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir and alpine larch.

Willcox, C. and Willcox, B., 2009, ‘FOXO3A Genotype and Human Longevity: The New APOE?’ Japanese Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine, vol 5, no.6, pp.804-809.

Shlafer, R., Hergenroeder, A., Emans, S., Rickert, V., Adger, H., Spear, B., . . . Resnick, M. (2013). Adolescence as a Critical Stage in the MCH Life Course Model: Commentary for the Leadership Education in Adolescent Health (LEAH) Interdisciplinary Training Program Projects. Maternal and Child Health Journal Matern Child Health J, 462-466.

Vegetation is a key factor in determining the structure of an ecosystem. It determines many ecological parameters within a plant community such as microclimate, energy budged, photosynthesis, water regimes, surface runoff and soil temperature (Tappeiner and Cernusca, 1996). Vegetation of an area varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself. The description and classification of the plant community in an ecosystem is known as Phytosociology (Braun-Blanquet, 1932; Odum, 1971). It’s an important characteristic in describing vegetation that offers a preliminary picture of the ecological character of the vegetation (Kershaw, 1973). Each site of study

The boreal forest occupies a vast area of northern North America and Eurasia. In addition, there is relatively close relation between the location of the boreal forest biome and the subarctic climate type, with a similar relationship between the locations of the tundra climate and the tundra biome. In a boreal forest biome there is poor drainage usually in the summer, due to the permanently frozen subsoil, which stops downward percolation of water, and in part to the derangement of normal surface drainage by the action of glaciers during the recent Pleistocene ice age. Furthermore, bogs and swamps are abundant, thus the ground normally being spongy in the summer and frozen in the long winters. The boreal forest biome vegetation is located near the great northern forest, which contains by far the simplest accumulation of plants of any biome. Most of the trees are conifers, which include needleleaf evergreens, with the important exception of the tamarack or larch which drops its needles in winter. In addition, they contain a variety of species limited to mostly pines, firs, and spruces, which extend broadly in homogeneous stands. The trees tend to grow taller and more densely near the southern margins of the biome, due to the summer being longer and warmer. However, near the northern margins, the trees tend to be spindly, short, and more openly spaced. Therefore, the boreal forest biome has harsh climate, floristic homogeneity, and slow plant growth, which produce a limited food supply for animals living in the

Willoughby,Heather. 2008. ‘Pansori Master Singers’, in Pansori ed. Lee, Yong-shik. Seoul: The National Centre for Korean Traditional Performing Arts, 71-96.

Locate a path in a high elevation area, preferable a steep mountain with a specific plant species which can be mapped.

In alpine environment, within the critical zone, the top layer acts as an open system that is subject to elemental gain and losses. Rock glaciers are an important component of high mountain systems, a common occurrence in Arctic and alpine permafrost regions, play an important role in alpine mass balances and aspects of morphologic stability (Jansen and Herganten, 2006). In addition, rock glaciers can serve as a visible indicator of mountain permafrost (Barsch, 1977 and Haeberli, 1985). Permafrost phenomena in mountain areas are a function of: Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT), and elevation, direct solar radiation, local relief and topography, snow cover thickness and duration, and avalanche activity (Heaberli, 1992). As a critical zone, rock glacier landform focuses on the interconnected chemical, physical and biological processes shaping alpine landscape. Rock glacier is a dynamic system, change in mean annual air

This investigation aims to show how abiotic factor gradients can affect the species present in heathland and how this effects the succession of this

In this experiment we tested the effects of soil pH, soil moisture, organic horizon thickness, and slope of the hill, on the species dominance of specific trees along a hill in Charlottesville, Virginia, a city within the Appalachian mountain range. There were 5 transects, distinguished by pink tape, that started at the North end of the Hill and progressed down, then up the south side of the hill. Our data was then reflected upon F.E. Clements organismic approach, And Ramensky and Gleason 's individualistic approach. The patterns between each variable and the survivability of the trees there, allow us to understand the species variation and each species dominance at the site. We hypothesized that the variations in community ecology would influence other variables, and the tree species surviving in that space. However, we found that the p-values for each variable we tested against each other, moisture vs. pH, moisture vs. organic horizon, and pH vs. organic horizon, were not significant values, rejecting our null hypothesis. These findings at Ohill show the influence each variable has on the tree relative frequency and basal area. Understanding the various environmental conditions that affect our forests is doubtfully one of the most important factors in the survivorship of our forests ecosystems as they cover 30% of the land area on earth (Sandrine et al. 2006). The variables tested, although only sampled in a small sample size, reflect key issues in forests around the

Alpine lands account for approximately 20% of the Earth’s total terrestrial land mass and house almost 10% of the world’s population (Ives & and Messerli, 1999). Alpine ecosystems are categorized similarly to high latitudinal locations as “extreme ecosystems”. In these ecosystems, there are controls to the environmental variables that govern their hydrological and biological cycles. For example, they often experience extreme conditions of light, temperature, and precipitation that may restrict and limit vegetation growing conditions and the abundance of live animals. However, these “limiting conditions” have also established the ideal conditions for a wide distribution of snow and ice across mountains and plateaus (Xiao et al., 2002) and are characterized by rapid seasonal changes, which plays an important role in the regional climate and any available water resources (Goodison et al., 1999).

Plants rely on the environment in which they live to grow, and different environmental conditions provide a wide array of different foliage. Many studies have concluded that altitude effects the heights of a variety of different species (1). In a study comparing beech tree growth, factors such as light and nutrient availability were shown to increase as tree height increased. Along with these findings, it was found that growth rate declined as altitude increased (2). Another study observing elevations effect on Malosma Laurinais showed that increased altitudes were correlated with stronger and healthier leaves for the plants (3). Plants primarily rely on water, and sunlight to grow, but other factors play a role in development as well. Elevation can have a drastic impact on the speciation and growth of different plant species for many reasons. Surface level determines soil moisture content, wind speed, and the amount of sunlight that a plot of vegetation will receive. Common knowledge of how plants grow, suggest that the high soil moisture content at low elevations will increase plant height due to the excess of resources being provided.

We are all well aware that the climate of the planet we live on is not constant. According to fossil records and modern geology, the Earth has been through multiple ice ages, periods of dryness and times of extreme heat. In the news today, we are constantly being confronted by the effects of global warming, which are almost exclusively detrimental to living organisms. A great part of this change is due to the human race from our burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, deforestation, and industrial agriculture, all of which release excessive greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Global warming has already affected the survival and reproductive success of plants and animals, and even threatens the future of the human race. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to investigate these effects and to predict what the future may hold for planet Earth. Two interesting studies in Europe (Thuiller 2005) and in California (Kelly 2008) investigate how recent local climate change has affected the area’s vegetation.