Annotated Bibliography: Infectious Diseases

In Chapter 11, Diamond talks about how infections from diseases carried by animals where the “killers of humanity”. Diseases would start in animals and then get transferred to humans where it would mutate and spread across human populations killing almost anyone it touches. When Europe went to conquer the New World, disease such as smallpox, measles, and the flu, killed up to 95% of the population of Native Americans. Syphilis, however, may have been brought back to Europe from the New World, even though no one knows how.

In a developing society where a variety people come together, different customs and practices, as well as diseases, are exchanged. One example of an outbreak of a disease is the

All infection prevention and control measures that are involved in managing and preventing these infections.

1. Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence).

However, disease on the epidemic scale did not appear till certain conditions existed, conditions created namely by the Agricultural Revolution. As communities became more sedentary and developed a more stable means of food production through the domestication of animals and irrigation processes, populations were able to increase at exponential rates, one of the fundamental prerequisites for an epidemic outbreak. An increased population translated into closer living conditions, less sanitary means of waste disposal due to sheer volume, and typically, poorer nutrition, making people more susceptible to a breakdown of the immune system. A higher population, in comparison to that of their hunting and gathering predecessors, meant a greater chance for contracting an illness. Equally important, the Agricultural Revolution demanded the domestication of animals. In living in close proximity to cattle, hogs, and other useful livestock, a phenomenon known as species cross-over took place. This species cross-over refers to the mutation of diseases typically found in livestock to a new form that seeks out a human host. The most classic and devastating example is small pox, a highly fatal disease that causes sores to form on the body and known in cattle as cowpox (Ponting, 225-226). This, coupled with irrigation, providing a host for water-born diseases like malaria and schistosomiasis, sheds a bit of light on the magnitude of the influence of the Agricultural

Throughout this assignment I am going to be looking into the health and social topic of communicable and non-communicable diseases. I will be investigating into various aspects of two specific diseases. A high level of knowledge will be demonstrated with a detailed description of both communicable and non-communicable diseases as well as an understanding of epidemiology. I will then find a communicable and non-communicable disease example and describe the biological basis of each disease with an explanation to how the body responds to the disease. A list of at least three of the different signs and symptoms which are produced and displayed with the disease will then be shown. The changes shown as a result from the disease

Currently, one of the major problems in the world is the rapid change of our climate. Years of research and studies have linked climate change to the spreading and occurrence of many infectious diseases. Vectors and pathogens that were not able to spread to certain countries before because temperatures were too low for them to survive in are now being able to habituate these parts of the world because of how much warmer our planet is becoming. This is concerning to us because infectious diseases can increase death rates. Therefore, if our planet continues to get warmer, the more infectious diseases will spread, and the more humans will die. This research paper attempts to provide a better understanding on how diseases are spreading more

Pick from the following emerging/reemerging diseases: Brucellosis, Clostridium difficile; Antibiotic-resistant Gonorrhea; Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5); Japanese encephalitis; MERS-CoV; Naegleria fowleri; Powassan Virus; and Zika. List your disease in the blank. Then, research the disease from www.cdc.gov and answer the following questions.

Epidemiology is the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems. The epidemiological triad model holds that infectious diseases result from the interaction of agent, host, and environment (CDC, 2012). Disease transmission occurs when the agent leaves the reservoir or host through a portal of exit, are the conveyed by some mode of transmission and enters through and appropriate portal of entry on infecting a susceptible host (CDC, 2012). This sequence is sometimes called the chain of

There is a new disease on the way. We are not sure how it works, but please be careful of any newcomers in your village. We have all heard of the horrible deaths it has been causing, and now it seems to be spreading even quicker.

The rise of agriculture, dense population, development of world trade route, and dealing society with demotic animals are the common factors that make a situation for microbes to evolve infection diseases. These factors made a large profit for microbes that can make situation in which a large number of people get the same diseases, and each factor has a distinct reason in evolving the epidemic. For example, millions of Roman population died due to smallpox since Rome made contact with European countries for trade purpose. Sometimes arriving an infected person from a local area to another could kill half of million populations through history, major killers include flu, tuberculosis, malaria, smallpox, plague, measles, and cholera. These infection

While others, were only effected by direct contact. It was thought to have been sustainable by even touching clothing or other such items of the infected. Conditions of the fourteenth century were also a contributing factor. Famine had been an arising issue due to the number of overpopulation. Because of this, their immune systems began to weaken. “Europeans were susceptible to disease because many people lived in crowded surroundings in an era when personal hygiene was not considered important” (Dowling). The cities were unsanitary and littered with germs, making it easier to sustain such diseases. Unhealthy habits were conducted and medical advances had not yet been made. Doctors themselves had not known what to advise. No prescriptions had worked. There was no cure to what was happening. Most were not even aware of what was impending upon them. Anything that could would be tried, in hopes of living. People were becoming desperate.

Using the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines on Infection Control and the chain of infection identify how infections spread.

Infectious diseases are the result of a failed relationship between the parasite and the host. It’s the outline of the vectors of both agents and ranges in harshness from human rabies to the common cold. The improvements of vaccines, medicines, public services, and improved nutrition have helped decrease the amount of infectious diseases that causes death in our world. The advance in therapeutics and consequent alteration of the host defense mechanisms have had a huge increase on the incidence of infectious diseases of medical progress. Most occurrences of illnesses the specific reasons why a particular combination results in a given clinical picture are not clear.

Because improvements in nutrition and sanitation have been made, many epidemics have ended. As longevity of life increases, chronic diseases have taken the place of infectious disease as the leading cause of death. The different modes of transmission, disease development, and disease spectrum are all important factors to consider when studying the transmission of communicable diseases. It is also important to know about emerging infectious diseases. It is important to be aware of these diseases so that signs of these symptoms can be easily recognizable to provide the best patient care.