Annotated Bibliography On Coffee Rust

Fungi are multi-celled organisms that form a third Kingdom of life, along with the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

Symbiotic Mutualisms: Plant provide energy and protection to the fungus while the fungus helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil.

The Latin word for mushroom is fungus (plural, fungi). The word fungus has come to stand for a whole group of simple plants that contain no chlorophyll and lack such complex plant structures as roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Included among the fungi, along with mushrooms, are molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, truffles, and yeasts. Toadstool is another name for mushroom. Some people use the name toadstool only when referring to poisonous mushrooms, but botanists make no such distinction. A general scientific term for fungi is mycota, from the Greek word for mushroom, mykes, and the study of these organisms is called mycology.

In this short paper I will cover my thoughts on the article provided for this week’s article summary, “Slow Rust Bluing: Science or Alchemy, American Gunsmith March 2009, by Dan Herman.” It’s not all that often that I’m eager to read one of these articles we’re given for article summaries. The bluing process interests me immensely, and I can’t wait to get to a point where I can re-blue a firearm to see how badly I do on my first job…lol.

Introduction: Drosophila is the name given to a genus of small flies within the family, Drosophilidae. They are commonly referred to as fruit flies or pomace flies. They have historically been called vinegar or wine flies due to the fact that they commonly gather around rotting fruit. The fruit fly is sometimes mistaken for the Tephritidae family of flies which is closely related and is even sometimes referred to as the true fruit fly however; tephritids tend to only feed on unripe fruit, and have been regarded as destructive agricultural pests. For instance, the Mediterranean fruit fly has devastated the agricultural economy sector of several Mediterranean countries millions of dollars in ruined crops.

What is ‘Myrtle Rust’ and how pernicious is it? Myrtle Rust, aka Uredo rangelii, is a fungal plant pathogen native to South America that affects plants in Myrtaceae family, such as Tea tree, Beach Cherry and Bottle Brush (DAFF, 2012). Its advent can be witnessed in the form of small purple flecks and leaf spots on young leaves. It then utilizes its vicious powers to create tiny, raised spots or pustules, which turn powdery distinctive yellow after a few days. It attacks young and new plants and causes them to be stunted, leaves to be twisted and even leads to their death. While the South American trees have some resistance against this aggressor, the Australian ones are more vulnerable. It has the potential to affect up to 80 per cent of Australian native trees and the crusade cannot be stopped once it has occupied the bush lands (NSW Scientific

A few promising solutions exist for mitigating the effects of coffee rust. A few of them include government support, management options, improved technology and information sharing systems, and changing social perceptions of coffee.

The mesh netting surrounding the enclosure was small holed and stitched together to prevent the fruit flies from escaping. Within the cage, the experiment was set up using small containers— about 4 inches wide at the base— filled with fly media. There were 3 bowls approximately 9” in diameter used as water sources to increase the humidity within the cage. Within each food source “island”, there was a cheese cloth (2” X 2”) soaked with sterile water in order to keep the food source moist. For our experiment, we set up 2 food sources. The control (H2J Control) contained the standard medium and was placed 2’ from the population source while the experimental ( H2J Experimental) container was filled with standard medium and placed 4’ from the population source (figure 1). After one week, the adults were dismissed from the enclosure and the food sources were capped to allow the larvae to grow and eat the medium. After the second week, when the offspring became adults, the population was counted, and and analysis of differences between the source and treatment was

cattleianum, is a highly invasive species that damages native Hawaiian forests, ecosystems, and the watershed, which can be managed through mechanical, chemical, and biological controls. In its native homeland of southeastern Brazil, the strawberry guava is limited, unlike Hawaii, where it forms monotypic stands that displace native Hawaiian flora and fauna and drive these indigenous, endemic, and endangered species towards extinction. Strawberry guava contributes further to the displacement of native Hawaiian forests by providing nourishment to feral pigs and mice that feed on native Hawaiian flora and fauna. Besides displacement of native Hawaiian species, strawberry guava puts humans at risk through increased erosion and soil runoff as well as hosting fruit flies that cause large scale damage to crops. Mechanical and chemical controls were used to manage P. cattleianum, however they require a lot of time, labor, and money, yet the strawberry guava prevails majority of the time. The State has recently introduced a biocontrol, T. ovatus, which is host specific to P. cattleianum and not its commercially significant cousin, P. guajava, nor any native Hawaiian plants. Although the T. ovatus will not kill the strawberry guava, the T. ovatus will inhibit the growth of new foliage and fruit formation. With the introduction of T. ovatus and increased public awareness of the effects of strawberry guava, P. cattleianum can be controlled and eliminated to

Although C. dentata is not resistant to an infection by the blight fungus, it is not entirely defenseless. One attempt at warding off C. parasitica is the growth of callus encircling the fungi’s mycelium to prevent its spread (cite). This may or may not work, in either case the fungi will spread to another site on the tree via sporulation. A second barrier to blight infection is the chestnut’s relatively high levels of tannic acid(s) in the cambium (cite). However, as will be discussed later, tannic acids may benefit the blight. The most promising method for increasing C. denata’s blight resistance is The American Chestnut Foundation’s breeding program. To give the chestnut the advantage in its battle with its evolutionary foe, it is necessary to study the factors that make C.

The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is the model organism when it comes to studying genetics; for over 100 years, it has been used as one of the few model organisms in the scientific community (Twyman, 2002). The reason behind this and why scientists continue to choose to study Drosophila is because of the amount of scientists that have done so and it is well documented on how to treat a fly in a laboratory setting (Twyman, 2002). They are also small and easy to feed. This means that it would be easy to work with a large amount of them without being concerned about taking up too much space, food, or

Fungus attaches to the roots of plants to create a mutual interaction called mycorrhizae. This interaction is symbiotic and both organisms benefit. Funguses help expand a plants root surface area, so the roots can reach nutrients when the soil is depleted. Also, funguses use plant roots to obtain sugar and carbon dioxide. This interaction occurs in majority of all plants and is vital to plants survival and protection from pathogens.

On May 6th, 2014, an article based on an experiment facilitated by Prof. A. Walsh that discusses the role of dissolved cations in coffee extraction, was published. This experiment was inspired by the idea that coffee beans contain flavorsome compounds that are acids, salts, and aprotic charge neutral atoms and the extraction of these organic molecules depends on the mineral content of the water. Water itself contains many minerals, which are referred to as “impurities”. The impurities that were tested in this experiment were Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. To discover the affects of water impurities in coffee extraction and composition, the experimenters observed the thermodynamic binding energies of 5 coffee acids, caffeine, and eugenol. The objective of these tests is to determine the effects of the characteristics of mineral composition in water to the extraction of dissolved cations in

Farming of different crops impedes greater transmission rate due to the no need for the use of pesticides. A worker in coffee bean and banana vegetation farms is at a far greater risk of transmission compared to individuals within other crop farms. As stated before it is crucial to education on personal protective clothing against the Tsetse fly. Education is needed to understand the dynamic environments the Tsetse fly inhabits and can sustain. Educating about livestock in areas of housing, due to some species serve as hosts although zoonotic transmission is not as well

In their experiment they test several groups of fruit flies with three different types of food sources; organic, conventional, and regular lab food. They then examined several different aspects of the flies’ health. When examining the flies’ life spans the scientists concluded that the fruit flies that were fed only organic food lived several days longer (20-25% longer) than the fruit flies that were fed conventional