Annotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database

Data objects can model relational data or advanced data types such as graphics, movies, and audio. Smalltalk, C++, Java, and others are objects used in object-oriented data. The object-relational is a combination of relational and object-oriented databases. Traditional and advanced data types can be used to construct database management systems. These systems can connect to a company’s website and update records as needed. Database Approach The main purpose of a database is data storage that can be stored and retrieved when needed. A popular common language called structured query language (SQL) is used to store and retrieve data in relational database. This language enables the systems to run a report or modify data or remove the data from the database. A database management system (DBMS) controls all aspects of a database, this is not limited to the creation, maintenance, and use of database. The DBMS ensures proper applications are able to access the database. An important purpose of a DBMS is to maintain the data definitions (data dictionary) for all the data elements in the database. It also enforces data integrity and security measures. Data Models Data models provide a contextual framework and graphical representation that aid in the definition of data elements. In a relational database, the data model lays the foundation for the database and identifies important entities,

A Hierarchical structure is a term used to organise a business into different categories of employees that contain multiple types of groups, which would be typically in a chain of commands that is usually in a pyramid that contains a large number of employees, so the lower part of the pyramid having the responsibility of a small role, meanwhile the upper part of the pyramid consists of roles that carry a big responsibility. However, there is one rank that is one

All the relationships are in the same level of hierarchy given that they are all (or will be) business partners.

Database is defined as “the collection of information organized in such way that a computer program can quickly select the desired pieces of data.” (Haithcoat, n.d.). In today’s technological world most of the processes is automated where database plays an important role to manage the data across a system. A database can be considered as an electronic filing system. Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single element of information; a record is one complete set of elements; and a file is a collection of records. To manage these data across the database system, DBMS came into play and the basic role was to create the management of information across all the data. DBMS plays a critical and integral component of most successful GIS and used to store, manipulate and retrieve data from the database. Although the range of DBMS structures used in GIS includes inverted list, hierarchical, network and relation design.

A collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

Hierarchical database have data in a tree like structure with a parent to child relationship (one-to-many). The parent could have many children but the children have only one parent. All the attributes of the data is in a list under one entity type.

Database model defines the logical structure of the database by determining manner in which the data will be stored. Relational model is one of the most popular database models, which defines tables and relationships between the tables.

A finite number (possibly zero) of child relationships with other values. Each element of the child relationships collection is the key of another item in the database. Any item holding a key in this collection is the parent of the element accessed by the key.

These models are used to design the internal schema of a database, represent the data tables, the data columns of those tables, and the relationships between the tables. The physical data model shows the technical details for implementation as a database or data structure. This model also represents a way in which data is physically stored.

Course Description This course covers database concepts. Topics include data analysis, the principal data models with emphasis on the relational model, entity-relationship diagrams, database design, normalization, and database administration. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This

Relational database contains data records that do not have a preset of relationships, permitting the user to define his or her relationship when accessing the data. Since users have much control over the data being accessed, relational databases can perform a variety of tasks. Such as defining the database; querying the database; adding, editing, and deleting data from the database; modifying the structure of the database; securing data from public access; communicating within the network; and exporting and importing data (Murthy, 2008).

Example 1 – Consider the following relational database for the Super Baseball League. It keeps track of teams in the league, coaches and players on the teams, work experience of the coaches, bats belonging to each team, and which players have played on which teams. Note the following facts about this environment:

It makes it faster and more efficient as the data only needs to be entered once. There will also be data validation rules that will help make sure the users can only enter data in the correct format. Also what helps make it faster is that there is only one database that can be linked to by many departments instead of having individual ones which would take up more storage space and wouldn’t be efficient as they have to be changed and updated individually. As in one database for the entire organisation once a piece of data has been changed it will then be updated throughout.

Data are raw facts of the block of information. To be reminded that all the data will not useful information. Useful information is fulfilled from processed data. Specially, data is to be explained in order to gain information.

In a big project a company usually involves various types of data and information take as reference. All record must be well managed and stored for long time since those records might be needed at future. Hence a database server is recommended instead of saving record in paper form since paper has a limited lifespan for storage. The most common open source database is MySQL database provide database management to user which widely use in commercial website and also big project. The database management store and handle the data saved by user through application. The data in database play role as a record is normally confidential. SQL is a standard query