Annotated Bibliography On Information Security

Encryption technique is the translation of data into a secret code that will prevent hackers or identity thieves from being able to break or read the data that is sent across the network.

When a fellow general received the message, he would wrap the paper around his corresponding scytale to decipher the message (Tyson 2014). Since the advent of computers though, encryption has become increasing important and relies almost solely on cryptographic means to secure information. When speaking about encryption today, it refers more to the process rather than the mathematical formulas used to scramble data. The basic idea behind encrypting a computer message is such that it is scrambled with a sequence of random bits, known as a key, and only parties with the corresponding key can transpose it back into a comprehensible format. These keys are created via a cipher, otherwise known as an algorithm. When a user sends a message, known as the plaintext, across a network, the computer applies an algorithm to the information to encode it, resulting in a ciphertext (Encryption Basics 2014). This method can be best summarized visually:

Encryption is the conversion of electronic data into another form, called cipher text, which cannot be easily understood by anyone except authorized parties. The primary purpose of encryption is to protect the confidentiality of digital data stored on computer systems or transmitted via the Internet or other computer networks. Modern encryption algorithms play

Type of operations used for transforming plaintext to cipher text. All encryption algorithms are based on two general principles. Those are substitution, in which each element in the plain text is mapped into another element and transposition in which elements in the plaintext are rearranged. The fundamental requirement is that no information be lost. Most systems referred to as product systems, involved multiple stages of substitution and transposition [2].

Encryption is a process that scrambles data to protect it from being read by anyone but the intended receiver. An encryption device encrypts data before placing it on a network. A decryption device decrypts the data before passing it to an application. A router, server, end system, or dedicated device can act as an encryption or decryption device. Data that is encrypted is called ciphered data (or simply encrypted data). Data that is not encrypted is called plain text or clear text.

When a message is in its original form it is known as plaintext or cleartext and the process that involves masking the text to hide the content is known as encryption. Once a message is encrypted it is referred to as ciphertext . Cryptography or crypto for short has always served the same purpose of encrypting information for reasons of privacy, deception, or security. Cryptographic methodologies could date back to the ancient Egyptian era where standard hieroglyphs were altered to mask true meaning . It is more likely that the first introduction of crypto followed the invention of writing and evolved in line with forms of communication. The use of crypto has been seen as extremely advantageous in times of war, where communication

There are many aspects to security and applications, from secure commerce and payment to private communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography, is the practice and study in securing communication between parties in the presence of potential adversaries (Yousuf, N.D.). This report focuses on modern methods of cryptography its operation, strengths and weaknesses, its application techniques in computing and some other aspects where cryptography deemed essential as discussed in this report.

Protecting data through cryptography from unauthorized eyes is a high priority for organizations that store personal information. Cryptography is the process of hiding the real meaning of a message through a pre-determined code that is only known to the person encrypting and decrypting a message. Different forms of cryptography can be seen in our everyday life from the word puzzle in daily newspapers to secretaries writing in short hand. Cryptography has been around since the time of the Egyptians and has made many advances through the years.

Its data conversion uses a mathematical algorithm along with a secret key, which results in the inability to make sense out of a message. Symmetric encrpytion is a two-way algorithm because the mathematical algorithm is reversed when decrypting the message along with using the same secret key.

Encryption is a cryptography in which one covers data or information by transforming it into an undecipherable code. Encryption generally uses a predefined parameter or key to perform the data change. Some encryption computations oblige the best approach to be the same length as the message to be encoded yet other encryption counts can take a shot at much more diminutive keys concerning the message. Separating is as often as possible described close by encryption as it’s backwards. Unscrambling of encoded data realizes the first data. Encryption is used as a piece of customary forefront life. Encryption is most used among trades over flimsy channels of correspondence for instance the web. Encryption is also used to secure data being traded between contraptions, for instance, modified teller machines (ATMs), cells, and various more. Encryption can be used to make automated imprints, which allow a message to be affirmed. Exactly when honest to goodness executed, an automated imprint gives the recipient of a message inspiration to acknowledge the message was sent by the affirmed sender. Modernized imprints are outstandingly significant when sending tricky email and distinctive sorts of cutting edge correspondence. This is by and large equivalent to standard composed by hand marks, in that, an all the more astounding imprint passes on a more multifaceted methodology for manufacture. Figure a figure is an estimation, strategy, or method for performing encryption and translating.

Data encryption and decryption have become increasingly important as more people are communicating over the internet. Although cryptology is not new, the demand for this technology has soared as its usefulness for security purposes has become more evident. Cryptology involves converting original messages into non-readable formats and plays an important role in keeping data safe while it is in transit (Agrawal & Mishra, 2012). Two popular forms of cryptology are symmetric and asymmetric.

Encryption is a method of programming data for security so that it appears to be random data. Only the people sending and receiving the information have the key to decrypt the message, which will put it back into its original form making it readable. The only people with the key are the people who are intended to read the message. Not many people know what encryption is. I took a survey of twenty students and asked two questions. The first question I asked was do you know what encryption means and the second question I asked was have you ever heard of anybody using encryption. This is a chart of the information I received:

Yong Feng et al, in 2009,the author proposed a new invertible two-dimensional chart, shouted Line chart, for picture encryption and decryption. It charts a picture to an array of pixels and next, charts it back from the array to alike sized image. A Line chart consists of two submaps: the left Line chart and the right Line chart that are utilized for picture encryption and decryption. In order to vanquish the shortcoming of standard picture encryption ways established on two-dimensional (2-D) charts that can be utilized merely for permutation, this paper presents a novel picture encryption way established on the Line charts, that can present two procedures of picture encryption simultaneously, permutation and substitution, employing the alike maps. The counseled picture encryption does not have data loss. Supplementary gains contain that it is fast and there is no check on the length of protection key that is desirable for disparate protection requirements. Simulation aftermath display the effectiveness of the new picture encryption scheme. [20]

The basic need of every growing area in today’s world is communication. Everyone wants to keep the inside information of work to be secret and safe. We use many insecure pathways in our daily life for transferring and sharing information using internet or telephonically, but at a certain level it 's not safe. Steganography and Cryptography are two methods which could be used to share information in a concealed manner. Cryptography includes modification of a message in a way which could be in digesting or encrypted form guarded by an encryption key which is known by sender and receiver only and without using encryption key the message couldn’t be accessed. But in cryptography it’s always clear to intermediate person that the message is in encrypted form, whereas in Steganography the secret message is made to hide in cover image so that it couldn’t be clearer to any intermediate person that whether there is any message hidden in the information being shared. The cover image containing the secret message is then transferred to the recipient. The recipient is able to extract the message with the help of retrieving process and secret key provided by the sender. A model of the Steganography process

Encryption is a method of converting plain text to cipher text using some base keys and