Annotated Bibliography On Molecular Evolution

Birch et al. found that there are benefits of non human research for example his research on animal behaviour on damaged crops, which led to the development of scarecrows to prevent any further damage to both the crops and avoiding poison to kill the animals. This study served a purpose to save both the animal and the crop. Scientific arguments for animal research states tat it has been a major contributor to our knowledge of basic learning processes such as conditioning and motivational systems such as Skinner’s research with pigeons. Also Selye’s experiment on rats showed an important connection between stress and diseases.

Smith, Wesley J. “The Grim Good of Animal Research.” Scientific Research, edited by Sylvia Engdahl, Greenhaven Press, 2015. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3010948220/OVIC?u=scschools&sid=OVIC&xide9245e81. Accessed 26 Apr. 2018. Originally published in www.firstthing.com, 18 Oct.

So researchers can study the effects of treatments or genetic manipulation over a whole lifespan, or across several generations, which would be infeasible using human subjects. Mice and rats are particularly well suited to long-term cancer research partly because of their short lifespans. They are also one of the best breeding animals in the world because there reproduction time takes only two to three weeks. There litters consist of 8 to twelve mice and once they are two weeks old they are ready to be breeded with each other. That makes them an easy target for scientist and researchers. Who would want to stick needles and dissect a cute and harmless animal.

Ever since the late 1960’s and the early 1970’s, animal research has been under extreme fire for what they do. This is mainly due to the many changing perspectives on the relationship between humans and the other aspects of the world that are surrounding them. There are many main reasons for this change, but the main reason is the different ideas that surrounded the use and exploration of animals in laboratories is what is being brought into question.

The main issue in his article is if animal research humane and if it should be aloud. However, there are a couple of other arguments that branch off of the main argument. One of these being does animal research makes an individual a bad person. Many Animal Rights activists believe that this is an issue, because animals are being tortured and killed. Medical researchers, however, think that animal research is ultimately helping humans by using animals to find vaccines and cures for diseases (2).

The Rock Pocket Mouses’ coat color is extremely important because the mice use it as a mean of camouflage if the mice are a different color of fur than its environment, their overall fitness, how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment, decreases. Due to a volcanic eruption, most of the environment has turned from a sandy-colored soil to black soil; therefore making it very difficult for the unmutated, pale mice to survive. The dark fur color of the Rock Pocket’s population occurred due to a random mutation, a mistake made in the DNA whether it is good or bad, known as the MC1R gene. Because of this, variation among the mice was created, making some mice dark-colored and others to stay light-colored. Dark-colored mice

Finally the experiment that Mendel performed has helped the Science world tremendously. He has made it easier for Scientist to work with traits. He has made so that Scientist are able to understand how traits are passed down from parent to child and in some cases from Grandparent to Grandchild if it skips a generation. It also helps Scientist understand the reasons behind traits and why they are the way that they are.

Define evolution? A slow change of something into better form. The word evolution means change, and the process of evolution reflects this definition as it applies to populations of organisms. Biological populations are groups of individuals of the same species that are sub-divided from other populations by geography and are somewhat independent of other groups. Biological evolution, then, is a change in the characteristics of a biological population that occurs over the course of generations. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inherited via genes. Changes that may take place in populations due only to short-term changes in their environment are not

Why/how is this relevant in ‘Of Mice and

Chemical evolution is the main exploratory clarification for the birthplace of life. Like every scientific theory, the hypothesis of chemical evolution has an example part that makes a case about the common world and a procedure segment that clarifies that patter. The example part is that notwithstanding little atoms, complex carbon-containing substances exist and are needed forever. The procedure part is that in Earths early history, straightforward concoction mixes consolidated to frame more mind boggling carbon-containing substances before the advancement of life. The hypothesis keeps up that inputs of vitality prompted the development of progressively complex carbon-containing substances, coming full circle in an intensify that could recreate

The late Stephen Jay Gould, a noted paleontologist who once described himself as an “agnostic leaning towards atheism,” wrote the classic treatise Evolution as Fact and Theory for Discover magazine back in 1981. His distinguished career and scientific achievements did earn him respect amongst his peers, but to the general public he is best known for his popular science writings and, to smaller circles, as a champion of evolution. As his treatise was written for a non-academic, science themed magazine, a basic understanding of science, and specifically evolutionary mechanics, was assumed of his audience. The treatise itself is on the often overlapping distinction between “theory” and “fact”; two words, he asserts, that creationists

The ecosystem of mice and rocks presented a promising place to look for genes that can change in response to pressures exerted by the environment. The dynamics were simple: owls will eat the mice they can find, so a population of mice must adapt by living on rocks where they can blend in. The habitats were also easily marked: lava flows constitute dark rock, and the surrounding desert contains the light rock. So, it's not difficult to see how the environment can exert a pressure on the genes that control the coat color of the mice.

Evolution has been a very debatable topic since the theory of evolution first evolved. By definition, evolution is “the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth”, but there are many different types of “evolution” such as coevolution, divergent, parallel and convergent – all with different theories. Jean Baptiste Lamarck was a French naturalist who invented the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics (aka. “soft inheritance”). This evolutionary theory described how the natural environment affected the way an animal used their body parts. The features used regularly or for survival are passed onto the creatures offspring, and the parts that weren’t used, weren’t. On the other hand, another English naturalist Charles Darwin established a theory of “natural selection”. A process in which creatures that survived in their environment would pass their genes through the generations, compared to the weaker species with a lower survival rate, who reproduce less offspring or none.

In fact, our own immune system is 98% identical to mouse’s immune system. (Healthcentral.com) Because human beings and animals are so biologically similar, it makes sense to test them as opposed to testing other human beings. In 2011, a poll conducted by the science journal Nature found that 90% of 1,000 biomedical scientists agreed that animals being used in research are essential to promote safe and breakthrough cures. For instance, animal research has been essential for the development of Heceptin and Tamoxiflen, two medicines that have saved thousands of men and women with breast cancer. (Amprogress.org) Lung cancer is another leading cause of death in the United States. In this case, mice were used to help progress research because of how similar their lungs are to human beings’. (Amprogress.org) Furthermore, it can be said that animal research leads to medical progress.

does not take away from the significance of studying genetics, it makes a strong case for the idea