Annotated Bibliography On Polycystic Kidney Disease

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it

These mutations can be due to an error in DNA replication or due to environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke and

This is a very serious form of PKD. It progresses rapidly and is often fatal in the first few months of life. This form is extremely rare. It occurs 1 in 25,000 people. The third form of PKD is called Acquired Cystic Kidney disease. This can happen in kidneys with long term damage and severe scarring, it often associated with kidney failure and dialysis. After 5 years about 90% of people develop ACKD. They usually seek help because they notice blood in the urine due to the cyst bleeding. Patients with PKD and progress to end stage renal disease may need the following procedures; hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation. Polycystic kidney disease is multiple cyst that form on the kidney. There is NO cure for PKD. Everyone that has PKD does NOT develop kidney failure. By the age of 60 about 50% of people with PKD will have kidney failure and 60% by the age of 70. Treatment that is used, is used to reduce the symptoms. Your kidney filters waste and extra fluid from the blood to the urine. When cyst form on the kidney they are sacs filled with fluid. This can enlarge the kidney. The cyst is replacing the kidney structure reducing the function of the kidney, this

Genetic disorders come in various forms. Some can be caused by mutations of the genes or chromosomes while others can be caused by a process called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes during meiosis do not separate correctly and the daughter cells receive too much or too little genetic information. Klinefelter's is caused by nondisjunction which results in an extra X chromosome being present in a male.

Nephrotic Syndrome, is when there is an increased in glomerular basement membrane permeability. This causes an excess loss of protein in the urine known as proteinuria. Congenital, idiopathic and secondary are forms of Nephrotic syndrome. Congenital nephrotic syndrome is rare, can be inherited and usually occur in Finnish families. Nephrotic syndrome is consider secondary if it occurs secondary to diseases like diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, also known as minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) occurs mostly in kids with 70% occurring in kid 5 years old and younger. This paper will be focusing on MCNS (Kyle & Carman, 2013).

Polycystic Kidney Disease, also referred to as PKD, is an inherited disorder characterized by the growth of abnormal fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys (NKUDIC). There are two types of PKD, Autosomal Dominant and Autosomal Recessive, these depending on the genes of the client’s parents. PKD is a chronic, incurable disease that can lead to further renal complications including end stage renal disease and uremia. Approximately 600,000 Americans are affected by PKD, according to the Kidney and Urologic Diseases Statistics for the United States: NIDDK.

According to (Bennett, Rahbari-Oskoui, Chapman, Perrone, & Sheridan, 2014) ADPKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, resulting 1 in every 400 to 1000 people; kidneys become

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a severe form of hereditary disease which results from a monogenic disorder. The disease causes enlargement alongside with functional impairment. It results in clusters of cysts mainly within the kidneys. Cysts are noncancerous round sacs consisting of water like fluid which vary in size depending on its accumulating growth (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). This cystic disease consists of two forms, an autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) and an autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). The purpose of this research paper is to increase chances of healthy babies born to couples whom both transmit a mutation of PKHD1 gene, wanting to have a child unaffected with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). A recessive mutation/disease is when the gene is inherited from both parents. This disease is of major interest due to the amount of individuals affected widely. Over 12.5 million individuals have PKD, with approximately 30% of affected children dying within their first year of life; making it a major source of morbidity and mortality concern (Miyazaki et al., 2015). ADPKD makes up to 96-98% of all cases, and ARPKD up to 2-5%. Although ADPKD is more harmful, the main focal point of this research paper is on autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Due to the abnormalities in the biliary plates it leads to congenital hepatic fibrosis in infants. Congenital hepatic fibrosis is the disease of the liver which is usually present from birth.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder primarily affecting the kidneys. It is characterized by growth of numerous cysts on the kidneys (McPhee, Papadakis & Rabow, 2014). The kidneys primary job is to filter the waste products from the blood into urine and ultimately out of the body. The cysts are primarily fluid filled and when they become enlarged, they interfere the normal functioning of the kidneys, leading to enlarged kidney (McPhee et al., 2014). When the enlarged kidney stops properly functioning leading kidney failure. It may take years before the kidneys totally loose function and then require dialysis, which is in only about half of the patients diagnosed with PKD. According to National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearing House (NKUDIC)(2007), mutations in genes PKD1, PKD2 and PKHD1 cause polycystic kidney disease. Defects in the formation of epithelial cells and their cilium result in cyst formation and obstruction that is followed by destruction of renal parenchyma, interstitial fibrosis, and loss of functional nephrons (McCance, Heuther, Brasher, 2014). The renal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular organs are the most common systems affected by PKD (McPhee et al., 2014).

Patients must have knowledge about the disease. They must be aware that polycystic kidney disease is an inherited or a genetic kidney disorder which impair the function of the kidney and has no cure. The patient should be informed that proper medical care and lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms for years. Also, they may speak with a genetic counselor if they are planning to have children.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as structural or functional kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less that 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for at least 3 months.1 Approximately 1 of 3 adults with diabetes and 1 of 5 adults with high blood pressure has CKD.2 We estimate that more than 10% of adults in the United States (more than 20 million people) may have CKD. Men with CKD are 50% more likely than women to have kidney failure.2 Due to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, individuals with CKD are 16 to 40 times more likely to die than to reach ESRD.2

This magazine is written by Dr. Declan Keenan, who is a Specialist Registrar in Nephrology and Professor Alexander P. Maxwell who is an MD PhD Consultant Nephrologist. The discussion is on optimizing the management of polycystic kidney disease. Polycystic kidney disease is corresponding with multiple bilateral renal cysts. If there is a family history of hypertension that is a risk factor of kidney disease. The authors correspond on how the diagnosis should be confirmed, which patients are at risk, what approaches to take. The diagnosis of PKD mostly follows radiological imaging of the abdomen. Key points were addressed by Dr. Chris Barclay. If blood pressure is controlled that is a key element of management. There are several drugs that treat

Chronic kidney disease is that is a decline in the function of the of the renal system due that can be measured by the glomerular filtration rate. Long term complication can lead to end stage renal failure which places patient to be on long-term dialysis. The incidence of chronic kidney is on a constant rise. The main cause of chronic disease is diabetes in combination with hypertension. In the United States, there are an estimated 25 million people who have been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the prevalence is especially high among the elderly with approximately ten million cases in those over the age of 77. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation of chronic kidney disease and describe potential factors that may impact the diagnosis and include treatment options.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,