Annotated Bibliography On Smoking And Suicide

Conclusion: Despite changes to the DSM-V, people have been plagued with alcohol use and abuse since before prohibition.

“Substance use disorders” or “substance-related disorders” are intended synonymously and are used interchangeably when referring to the broad category of addiction to psychoactive substances. Additionally, the word “drug” should be considered in the context in which it appears and can refer to alcohol specifically and/or other psychoactive substances such as cocaine or heroin etc. Again, this is because of the large overlap within the broader category of substance use and the high prevalence of polysubstance use. For the sake of clarity, “drug” as used in North America to generally refer to any illicit or controlled substance has been avoided. Instead, “medication” will be used to denote a prescribed substance used to treat physical symptoms. However, many legally prescribed medications (such as morphine) can and are abused and have addictive quality, making them just as devastating as “street drugs” or alcohol (Compton & Volkow, 2006).

At each visit, the study assessed the severity of patient 's depression, as well as the frequency and amount of drinking between visits. After 12 weeks in the study, 53% of participants were in remission from their depression. Two thirds or 66% had avoided relapsing into heavy drinking, and 49% totally refrained form drinking during the study. Results showed that any relapse to heavy drinking was associated with reduced likelihood of a depression remission or depressive symptoms.

Today, one out of every thirteen adults abuse alcohol or are alcoholics. That means nearly thirteen million Americans have a drinking problem. (www.niaaa.nih.gov) This topic offers a broad range of ideas to be researched within the psychological field. For this particular project, the topic of alcoholism and the psychological effects on people best fit the criteria. Alcoholism is defined as a disorder characterized by the excessive consumption of and dependence on alcoholic beverages, leading to physical and psychological harm and impaired social and vocational functioning. (www.dictionary.com) Through this project, the most important information regarding personal experiences

The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute (2002) states that substance abuse can occur in many clients who also have anxiety/stress disorders. The user believes that using alcohol or drugs will help lessen the feelings they have and somehow enable them to “cope” (The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, 2002). Unfortunately, most users like James are unable to realize the substances are not helping their problems. Most people with alcohol and other drug use disorders who also suffer from other mental health disorders require an integrated care plan for the best chance at recovery (Sterling, Chi, & Hinman, 2011).

The confidentiality of patients and practice records were maintained in accordance with CPRD policy. The studies that were selected for review are those that enrols adult with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and make use of FDA-approved medication for at least 12 weeks and measure the following outcomes: 1) (a) Consumption: return to drinking, heavy drinking, drinking days or heavy drinking days (4 days for Males and 5days for Females) (b) Health: such as accidents ( Road Traffic Collision), injuries, quality of life, mortality and ability to function daily. (c) Adverse effect. 2) Compared one of the medications to another medication.

Thirdly another serious effect alcohol has is suicide. More than "150,000 students develop an alcohol-related health problem (Hingson et al., 2002[->0]), and between 1.2 and 1.5 percent of students indicate that they tried to commit suicide within the past year due to drinking or drug use (Presley et al., 1998[->1]). People who have any sort of mental condition such as depression, manic depressive and anxiety should not be drinking alcohol at all. It's simply not good for a mentally ill person. "Alcohol has been found to lower serotonin and norepinephrine levels" Meaning that by having the serotonin levels lowered it will actually make the person even more depressed and higher risk for sucide.

This study had 56,774 participants from the ages of 15-64, that had their first inpatient psychiatric hospitalization between 1996 and 2010. Many had similar characteristics of DD with drugs, alcohol and or both, they were compared to those with only mental disorders (Ponizovsky, 2015). The results showed that the incidences of DD with drugs were the highest among older adult than the younger adults whose had higher alcohol rates with DD. There were some positive predictors for DD one was male gender, compulsory hospitalization and previous suicide attempts all contributing factors. The conclusion stated that alcohol and or drugs /alcohol were increasing in younger adults, but still higher in older adults. Clinical -demographic profile was current with relevant literature

The goal of the study aimed to determine if the effects of anxiety and depression on alcohol-related problems are best explained via their associations with DTC with specific effects or via their associations with more global measure o DTC by testing four distinct models.

Assessment techniques for determining whether socially anxious patients are at-risk for alcohol dependence are enhanced through knowledge of risk factors. These include male gender, being single, family history of anxiety, depressive disorders, or alcohol dependence, neuroticism, isolation, and childhood trauma (Boschloo et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2013).

In today's modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol abuse has become one of the most complex, life-threatening issues. Most depressed individuals usually indulge themselves in bars or pubs with their alcohols to escape from their stressful life. It has become increasingly alarming how alcohol does not only attract the adults, but also teenagers these days. "Research has shown that approximately 14 million Americans (7.4%) of the population meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism" ("Facts about Alcohol"). Alcohol addicts may encounter social impact such as loss of respect from others who may see the problem as self- inflictive and easily avoided. Repeated use of alcohol over a period of time can result in

Relaxation, celebrating, and socializing are often reasons people engage in alcohol. However, the enjoyment of alcohol in moderation may become difficult for some individuals to manage when using alcohol as coping mechanisms or scapegoat, for other underlining issues: personal, social and work-related concerns. Unfortunately, lack of proper management may or can result into alcoholism. According to the DSM-V alcoholism is diagnosed as alcohol use disorder or alcohol addiction, in which a person becomes physically and psychologically dependent on alcohol to the point that he or she cannot function without it (American Psychiatric Association,2013).

From time to time we all have periods of sadness, unhappy thoughts. Among the United States population, around eight to ten percent suffer from a form of depression as unipolar depression. Depressive and bipolar disorders show to be a principal cause of disability, without cure a person can have a tough experience with relationships, work, and social activities. Substance abuse disorders are becoming an rampant. The need for instant indulgence has become more and more widespread in the world. The DSM-5 shows the symptoms checklist for diagnosis of substance abuse disorder (see table 1.3 in appendix a), and according to Comer, (2014) “the substances people misuse fall into several categories: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabis”

In this study Hagsand et al screen 178 participants over the phone collecting information on age, gender, BM, education level, use of medicine, mood status, amount and frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of drugs. Any Participants who had poor physical or mental health were excluded, and the remaining were examined by a physician also completing a psychiatric symptom checklist. Participants were excluded if they had any current medical condition that required medication, psychiatric disorders or any history of psychosis, history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence, night-shift work, reported any currently harmful alcohol drinking habits. After the intense screening, there were 117 participants who qualified take part in the experiment. Participants in the control group consumed only orange juice, while participants in the alcohol group consumed alcohol (vodka,

Alcohol dependence is known to be the most severe form of alcohol abuse. A person becomes so dependent on alcohol consumption that he/she loses sight of all the other important things going on around him/her. Family matters and social responsibilities become secondary worries to his/her primary concern for existence, which is drinking (Stephens, 2007). Nearly fourteen million Americans are somewhat dependent on alcohol. Alcohol dependence is more prominent in men, and young adults ages 18-29 (Stephens, 2007). According to a study done by Saitz “85,000 deaths, along with substantial disability from medical and psychiatric consequences, injuries and “secondhand” effects (ex: motor vehicle crashes) are attributed to the use of alcohol” (Saitz, 2005).