Annotated Bibliography On The Epidemiology, Aetiology And Pathophysiology Of Ross River Virus

Hand, foot, and mouth are parts of human body have the highest change to get contagious infection. There are many viruses but Enterovirus groups, (most common is the coxsackie virus) is the main factor. These viruses can spread through direct contact from person to person especially with those have bad habits such as: unusually washed hands or surfaces contaminated with feces. An infected person’s saliva, stool, or respiratory secretions can transmit the infection.

* Complex includes: Alfuy, Cacipacore, Japanese encephalitis, Koutango, Kunjin, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Rocio, Stratford, Usutu, West Nile, and Yaounde viruses.

West Nile Virus (WNV) was originally detected from a woman in Uganda in 1937. WNV first appeared in the United States in 1999 in New York which was the first incident in the Western Hemisphere. WNV is a mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus). It is in the flavivirus family. WNV is a neurotropic virus. WNV is a member of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans have been escalating. The means by which the virus gains access to the brain (also known as neuroinvasion) seems inadequately understood. Suggestions of the hypothesis of WNV leans towards the concept of blood-brain barrier disruption and retrograde axonal transport (Suen et al., 2014)

RSV is the most common cause of LRTI’s leading to morbidity and mortality in children across the world. Most children have acquired an RSV infection by the time they reach 2 years of age. It is typical to see these infections during the winter/early spring seasons in temperate regions, and during the rainy seasons in tropical areas. This is likely due to the increase of indoor crowding related to weather. The transmission of RSV requires close contact by either a large particle aerosol, or by contamination of hands followed by an inoculation into the eye or nose. Secondary infections are seen in in family contacts of an individual with a primary case due to their close contact.

No one would have ever thought that a little bitty bug, with a painless bite could cause so much harm. This deadly virus was going around for awhile until it suddenly disappeared for about 20 years, causing everyone to make false assumptions that it was gone forever. Mosquitoes, the pesky bugs, will sooner, rather then later, become a threat once again.

The Iowa Department of Public Health has confirmed a rare case of disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus. In addition, there are two cases has been reported to the Iowa’s Health Department about West Nile Virus, which is also an illness spread by mosquitoes, along with Jamestown Canyon virus. According to the author, people who are infected by these two viruses will experience: “fever, headache, and flulike illness.” Luckily, however, “the patients who had Jamestown Canyon virus and West Nile virus are slowly recovering.”

4. Name the three viruses affecting the wild British Columbia salmon. ISA, Salmon Alphavirus, and Piscine Reovirus.

Hantaviruses are a genus of virus that are single-stranded, negative-sensed RNA viruses with a tripartite genome, represented by 45 different species across a worldwide distribution (Dearing and Dizney, 2010). They are pathogens primarily hosted by small mammals, in the family Muridae, with rats and mice making up the majority of these hosts. Hantaviruses first came to be known when two major disease events occurring in the twentieth century lead to the discovery of both old and new world hantaviruses (Johnson et al 2010). Old world hantavirus were first discovered during the Korean War (1950-1953) when over 3,000 U.N and Korean soldiers became stricken with hemorrhagic fever with

The outbreak was caused by a norovirus being spread within the area . A norovirus is any of numerous single-stranded ribose nucleic acid (RNA) viruses, which includes

In reality, the viruses from the Caliciviridae cause nearly 18% of all the short term gastroenteritis cases worldwide. The Norwalk virus is responsible for the small scale outbreaks that occur on cruise ships. Unfortunately, people who have been infected by the virus can spread it directly to other people

The US 95/96 was the first reported pandemic GII.4 strain which caused 55% outbreaks of AGE in the US during the winter of 1995-1996 (70). This variant later spread to five different continents including Australia, where it was prevalent from 1997-2000 (71, 72). In 2002, a new GII.4 variant emerged which was associated with 64% of NoV outbreaks on cruise ships and 45% land-based outbreaks in the US (15). NoV illness caused by the 2002 variant was also significantly observed in Europe and Canada (39, 73). This variant was named the Farmington Hills virus which was replaced by the Hunter 2004 strain that first appeared in NSW in February 2004 (74). Subsequent outbreaks associated with the Hunter virus were reported in New Zealand, Japan,

Norovirus can also be recovered from water and water acts as a source of transmission of the disease, therefore, recreational water venues can be associated with the outbreak of norovirus disease.

Since June 2012, at least 1338 cases and 423 deaths were reported worldwide. Prior to 2014, MERS-CoV was mostly associated with sporadic cases of presumed zoonotic origin and occasional person-to-person and nosocomial case-reports. In spring 2014, large healthcare-associated outbreaks of MERS-CoV infection occurred in Jeddah and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The first and only two cases of MERS-CoV in the United States were also reported in 2014. On May 2nd, 2014, a patient tested positive for the virus in Munster, IN, and then shortly thereafter on May 11th, a second patient tested positive in Orlando, FL. Both patients were US citizens who lived and worked as healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Both required hospitalization and both fully recovered.

Rapid virological testing for RSV is recommended in order to guide isolation and allocate Liam into cohorts in hospital (Fitzgerald, 2011).

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.