Annotated Bibliography On The Epidemiology, Aetiology And Pathophysiology Of Ross River Virus

To identify the spread of every infectious disease known to infect the human population is problematic. The whereabouts of how certain viruses migrated from its known origin in the Eastern Hemisphere over to the Western Hemisphere is still unclear in relation to West Nile virus (Nelson & Williams, 2014). There are only theories behind the routes on how the virus spread to North America, perhaps the migration of birds infected with West Nile virus, or through the means of creating bioterrorism of weaponizing a virus. West Nile virus, unlike most viruses, are not deadly, but is still considered a public health concern due to the lack of understanding of how the development of the disease is unclear. It is evident that further research needs

How many cases of West Nile Virus were reported in your state based on the epidemiology data?

The Scottish Government (2011). The Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Framework 2011-15 . Edinburgh: Scottish Government. p31- 42.

The virus is different from most because rather than being ball-shaped, it is a filovirus, or has tendrils like hair or worms that tangle together. They can also roll up into loops, a very unique trait. The other well-known filovirus is Ebola. Marburg kills one in four humans who receive medical treatment and is so dangerous that the international community immediately tries to identify the source. The best they can do is to hypothesize that it was a "hot" island in western Africa populated by sick monkeys that were trapped and sold in other countries. This is also a popular theory about the origin of HIV and AIDS. The viruses mutate enough to spread from monkeys to humans and can have a catastrophic effect.

The outbreak was caused by a norovirus being spread within the area . A norovirus is any of numerous single-stranded ribose nucleic acid (RNA) viruses, which includes

In the article, Virus killing Ontario lambs has troubling echoes of Zika, written by Jennifer Yang for The Star, we learn that there is an outbreak of Cache-Valley virus in Canada. The Cache-Valley virus has existed in Canada for a long period of time but new evidence shows that the virus could evolve into something similar to the Zika virus and effect humans too.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It has been found in humans, birds, and other animals, typically in Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. In 1999, WNV was detected in the United States for the first time, and since then it has spread across the U.S. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 15,000 people in the U.S. have tested positive for the WNV infection since 1999, including over 500 deaths. Many more people have likely been infected with WNV, but have experienced mild or no symptoms.

The Iowa Department of Public Health has confirmed a rare case of disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus. In addition, there are two cases has been reported to the Iowa’s Health Department about West Nile Virus, which is also an illness spread by mosquitoes, along with Jamestown Canyon virus. According to the author, people who are infected by these two viruses will experience: “fever, headache, and flulike illness.” Luckily, however, “the patients who had Jamestown Canyon virus and West Nile virus are slowly recovering.”

West Nile Virus (WNV) was originally detected from a woman in Uganda in 1937. WNV first appeared in the United States in 1999 in New York which was the first incident in the Western Hemisphere. WNV is a mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus). It is in the flavivirus family. WNV is a neurotropic virus. WNV is a member of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans have been escalating. The means by which the virus gains access to the brain (also known as neuroinvasion) seems inadequately understood. Suggestions of the hypothesis of WNV leans towards the concept of blood-brain barrier disruption and retrograde axonal transport (Suen et al., 2014)

* The Reston Ebolavirus was discovered during an outbreak of Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) in crab-eating macaques from Hazleton Laboratories (now Covance) in 1989. Since the initial outbreak in Reston, Virginia, it has emerged in Siena Italy, Texas, and among pigs in the Philippines. Despite its status as a Level-4 organism, it is non-pathogenic to humans although hazardous in monkeys.

No one would have ever thought that a little bitty bug, with a painless bite could cause so much harm. This deadly virus was going around for awhile until it suddenly disappeared for about 20 years, causing everyone to make false assumptions that it was gone forever. Mosquitoes, the pesky bugs, will sooner, rather then later, become a threat once again.

Scientists have studied the impact of water borne pathogens over time. Just how dependent human life is on the waterways is one such question which arises. The study involves the effect of such pathogens on human life. This study was narrowed down to the area of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay each weekend is occupied for recreational use. Such activities as swimming, fishing, and body surfing are common place. Normally each year thousands of pounds of seafood are distributed from out of the bay. There is a vast amount of people who come to visit the area each year.

West Nile Virus has emerged in recent years throughout the temporate zones of Europe and North America. Causing a variety of conditions in its hosts, the most serious manifestation of WN virus infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans and horses, and many birds.

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

What is the West Nile Virus? It is an illness distinguished by headaches, muscle soreness, a fever, and more. The illness’ affects vary depending on the person and the symptoms, though very few can sometimes be critical. It is diagnosed specifically as the West Nile Virus by those special symptoms. Many wonder about certain treatments for the virus and whether or not there are vaccinations for it. It can be identified by a few common effects of most flus, but what are the details that differentiates the West Nile Virus with the others? The diversity between the West Nile and flus include details such as transmission, symptoms, and treatment. What is the illness and how is it transmitted?