Annotated Bibliography On The Landscape Of Transcription

The small ribosomal subunit, amongst other things, is initiates the engagement of the mRNA and is responsible decoding the genetic information during translation [4].

Over the last 10 years scientists have been involved in the progression and completion of the Human Genome Project. "Scientists working on this project have developed detailed maps that identify the

Finally it was found that a total of 62.1 % to about a 74.7% of the human genome was covered by either proceed or by the help of primary transcript.

The Mechanisms of gene regulation are used by a cell to determine whether to increse or decrease

Recent advantages in genome-wide analyses have revealed that roughly 90% of the human genome is transcribed, yet less than 3% of the genome consists of protein-coding genes (Wu et al., 2013). The remaining genes are transcribed as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which resemble mRNA in length and splicing structures yet do not encode any proteins (Wu et al., 2013). It has been debated whether all of the ncRNA transcripts are functional due to their low expression levels and low evolutionary conservation. However, many functional ncRNA have

Most genes in plants and animals contain regions that code for polypeptides, called exons, with noncoding sequences called introns in between. Both introns and exons are transcribed from DNA to RNA, then RNA splicing occurs to remove the introns. Introns can contain nucleotide sequences that regulate gene activity. The splicing process may contribute to controlling the flow of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm. Sometimes splicing occurs in different ways, to produce different mRNA molecules from the same transcript.

RNA is much

Besides, nucleic acids convey information that is utilized as a part of the development of particular proteins by living cells. This is because DNA arrangement doesn 't consider the most comparative structures of some amino acids to others and the comparable practical part they have in the protein. For instance, valine and isoleucine

The properties of RNA that have convinced investigators that it may have played an important role in the evolution of life in earth is that RNA is able to encrypt information and is able to assemble chemical reactions. Before ribozymes were discovered, proteins were only able to catalyze and only nucleic acids encrypted information. Obviously, RNA can do both and since the discovery of it, many scientists now believe RNA played an important role in the evolution of life.

In the beginning, the cells were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 300xg then supernatant was eliminate. Then, the remaining pellet was ease with flicked the tube. After that, 350 µL Buffer RTL was added and mixed by pipette. The lysate of cells were homogenized by pipette for 15 seconds. After the homogenization, 70 % ethanol in 350 µL was added into the lysate and mixed by pipette. Then, samples were transfer to Rneasy spin column and placed into

While humans are obviously different from many other mammals, such as dogs or mice, about 5% of the human genome consists of conserved sequences shared by all mammals. Interestingly, over two thirds of these sequences do not code for protein, but this does not necessarily mean that they are non-functional. One likely possibility is that these non-coding regions conserved throughout the mammalian genome function in genetic regulation. However, before determining the function of these regions within the genome, they must first be identified. After determining the conserved sequences, they can then be classified according to function. One particularly informative way to decipher the function of a non-coding DNA sequence is to determine

“The nucleus of every human cell contains ‘46’ chromosomes. Each chromo has a coiled molecule of Deoxyribonucleracid (DNA) and contains about one hundred thousand genes. Every gene is a tiny part of DNA that controls a specific cell function. One thread of DNA molecule is longer than the length of the whole human body. Twined in a double helix, one strand (technique) of DNA carries the genetic code, acting as a template for the formation of the messenger Ribonucleic acid (RNA).”

The human genome is a vast sequence of nucleic acids consisting of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which are connected into a long polymer by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The entirety of the genome is approximately 3 billion base pairs which encodes for all functional proteins and RNA molecules needed for life. Remarkably, only a small fraction of the genome actually constitute genes; about 15% of the genome are genes or gene-related sequences, while 85% of the genome is noncoding (Krawczak and Schmidtke, 1994). Of the noncoding region there are specific regions that vary highly between individual people. These regions are polymorphic, or in other words have many different forms. Some loci vary so much that it is rare to find

Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is regulated by the cells of an organism, it is very important to the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane, which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively, as activators, and negatively as repressors. An example of gene regulation in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp

One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.