Annotated Bibliography On The Rna Profiling

This paper explores the history and some interesting facts about DNA. The last couple centuries have seen an exponential growth in our knowledge of DNA. The history of the DNA can be traced back to multiple devoted scientist. This article attempts to summarize, and review the basic history of DNA while providing some fascinating information about it.

Transcription happens in the cell nucleus. This is where DNA can be found. For example you can use DNA as instructions to make certain things such as proteins, but, these instructions are in a different language and you do not understand them, so the workers that will eventually assemble them cannot work with them. This is where mRNA will come into play. The mRNA will provide the workers or cells with new instructions that will be used to build the protiens. In transcription DNA is unzipped and the enzyme RNA polymerase RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region. This starts the unwinding of the DNA strands, and the polymerase starts RNA synthesis which runs along the template strand of the DNA. In eukaryotic cells proteins called transcription factors bind to promoters that include a TATA box, 25 nucleotides upstream from the start of transcription. After, more transcription factors will bind to the DNA, together with RNA polymerase II, forming the transcription initiation complex.

Over the last 10 years scientists have been involved in the progression and completion of the Human Genome Project. "Scientists working on this project have developed detailed maps that identify the

In February 2001, Venter et al., reported on the “penultimate milestone” – the feat of mapping 95% of the euchromatic portion of the human genome (Venter et al., 2001). Multiple discoveries were made in the process of mapping the human genome: the number of genes (fewer than imagined); the percent difference between individuals (less than 0.1%); and new techniques (Polymerase Chain Reaction) (Venter et al., 2001; National Human Genome Research Institute, 2012).

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Introduction: Mutation within cell populations are seldom.1 The mutS gene in E.coli takes part in the repair and recombination of DNA.2 When mutS was deleted from E.coli in a previous study, the mutation rate increased when compared to the wild type strain.2 Rifampicin is known for its inhibition of RNA Polymerase production.3 Without RNA Polymerase, RNA is incapable of production and thus protein synthesis ceases within the cell, resulting in cell death. We hypothesize that since mutS repairs recombinant DNA within E. coli, the deletion of the mutS gene will increase the mutation rate of E. coli.

The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a project designed to compare and contrast the repertoire of RNAs produced by the human cells and cross verify with other methods like NGS. After a five year start-up since the beginning of the ENCODE project just 1% of the human genome has been observed and what was achieved was just the confirmation of the results of previous studies.

DNA is a self-replicating material that's present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. The shape of DNA is a double helix, the sides are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is deoxyribose. The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. A base pair is two chemical bases bonded to one another forming a the rungs DNA ladder. The DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a subtype of RNA. An mRNA molecule carries a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for processing. mRNA is created during transcription. During the transcription process, a single strand of DNA is decoded by RNA

The Human Genome Project also referred to as HGP, has really captivated the world at the birth of the 21st Century and it has surely revolutionized the biology field. The project itself commenced officially in 1990 and scheduled for 15 years duration. HGP is so vast and complicated in nature that the most essential goals of the project had to be narrowed down to six; Identify approximately 30,000 genes in human DNA, determine 3 billion sequences of chemical base pairs which compose human DNA, Storage of developed information in databases, improve data analysis tools, transfer related technologies to the private sector and address the (ELSI) – Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues related to HGP. The total US HGP came with a huge price tag of around 3 billion US dollars.

heated in the recent years. Following the mapping of the human genome, scientists are pursuing

Total RNA was extracted using the Trizol extraction kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen) was used to synthesize cDNA from 1.5 μg total RNA according to the oligo (dT) version of the protocol. Real-time PCR was performed using CFX Fast real-time PCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA). The following cycle parameters were used for all experiments: 20s at 94°C, 30s at 60°C, and 30s at 72°C for a total of 45 cycles. The relative level of mRNA for a specific gene was normalized to GAPDH levels. Table 1 shows the sequences for all primer sets used in these

A big part of the gene’s segment is not shown or present in the mRNA or the cDNA that is created from it. This means that DNA is taken out from the primary gene transcript while the pre-mRNA was being prepared.

The starting amount of synthetic mRNA was 100 nmol but was split into two Eppendorf tubes of 50 nmol each, with 5 nmol of spin label for each tube. Since the R5 spin labels are hydroscopic and light sensitive, they were purged with nitrogen gas and foiled. To dissolve the R5 spin labels, a solution made with 100 µL of acetone and 15 mg of sodium iodide was also purged with nitrogen gas and vortexed with the R5 spin labels. The two tubes of mRNA were mixed with 20 µL of purged acetonitrile, 22.4 µL of autoclaved water, and 200 µL of TE (Tris-EDTA) buffer. The R5 mixtures were then combined and vortexed with the mRNA solutions. After centrifuging the two combined R5 and mRNA solutions at 18000g for 10 minutes, they were mixed well by pipetting up and down the solutions. The two resulting solutions were foiled and placed on a spinning rotor at

The main material of this experiment was HCT-116 ( human colorectal carcinoma) cells where RNA isolated. Method was applied with Rneasy Mini Kit- Qiagen. Homogenization was done by 70 % ethanol. Microcentrifuge and its tubes, pipettes, pipette tips and gloves were other materials of this experiment.

In the nucleus of our cells, there contains DNA which is what contains the genetic information that our body uses. However to use that genetic information, a protein needs to be made. This all starts in a nucleus in our cells where we begin with transcription. There a helicase splits apart a DNA sequence into two strands, one strand containing codons, and the other containing anti-codons. These codons consist of any triplet of the four nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine only connects to thymine and cytosine only connects to guanine. A copy is made of the original template that becomes RNA. Once transcription is finished, mRNA exits the nucleus through the indoplasmic