Annotated Bibliography Swers Gender

"A Senator of the U.S., a woman, is still a sort of political joke with our masculine leaders in party politics... But the trail has been blazed! The road is apparently rough-maybe rocky-but the trail has been located. It is an established fact. While it is also a romantic adventure, it will ever remain an historical precedent-never to be erased.” Rebecca Felton set the stage for women to become more involved in the political process, not only in Georgia, but also in the United States when she was appointed to the United States Senate in 1922. While she may have called it a “joke”, her position was a representation of her many years of political activism for women’s rights in Georgia. Over a span of nearly fifty years, Rebecca Latimer Felton used a variety of tactics to gain the attention of the public and encourage the advancement of white elite women in Georgia.

As well, a woman’s place in the government was significantly different to a man’s. Geraldine Ferraro says, “For all that my female colleagues and I had achieved, we still had to more, work harder, and produce more to be judged the same as men” (Ferraro 57). She also says, “So much had changed…I arrived in Congress…I had joined the Congress Women's Caucus. But there were far to women in the House and Senate-only eleven Democrats and six Republicans to sway 435 votes” (Ferraro 41). Her evidence supporting the gender positions is evidenced by the ratio of men to women serving jobs in the government. She even goes on to acknowledge that if a woman works harder and is more efficient compared to the quality of a man’s work, at the end of the day

Wilson points out that women are steadily gaining traction in legislature, but at a severely slow pace when compared to other Western democracies. Over 30% of all Democratic state legislator are women. Conversely, fewer than one in six Republican state legislators are women. The chances of a woman winning or losing a political election is no greater than a man’s chances.

It’s not fair that the “culture would take decades to adjust to a woman.”(Women in Congress: Historical Essays).

According to the article, “Gender Inequality in Politics” by Boundless points out the discrimination that occurs in politics when it comes to women. Boundless states, “gender discrimination occurs in politics, regards to presumptions about political allegiances that fall along gender lines, and disparate gender representation within representative democracies(1).” It represents that there is a discrimination based on sexuality and Gender. Likewise, gender norms and social factor limits women's opportunities in decision making; which women's domestic roles are over-emphasised and makes them have less time for decision making in politics. Regarding to article, “U.S lagging behind on gender equality” by Annalyn Kurtz justifies how their is a low percent of women's involved in politics. Kurtz claims, “This year, women hold 98 of 535 seats in Congress. That's just 18%(2).” Kurtz stresses that there's very few women in the congress due to the gender gap. Clearly showing that women have less in political participation. Gender inequality in politics demonstrates that in overall women have fewer opportunities in politics and that gender discrimination is involved in politics due to gender

There are large cross-national differences in the percentage of women in legislatures. Institutional arrangement is a considerable explanatory factor in the disparity in women’s representation, and many mechanisms have been implemented to increase parity. Within PR systems, electoral systems are a way to try to increase the representation of women. Previous studies have linked thresholds to increased party magnitude and in turn to increased women’s representation, but there have not been extensive studies to directly link thresholds to women’s representation. This paper analyzes the impact of thresholds directly, finding that the relationship between thresholds and women’s

Gender stereotypes are a huge barrier for women in politics. To give some background, Gender stereotypes are perceptions about the traits, roles, characteristics and behaviors that are deemed “appropriate” for both women and men (Bauer, 2015). Furthermore, common stereotypes pertaining to women can be describes as emotional, caring, passive, and compassionate. Compared to male stereotypes, which are tough, strong, and assertive. Often in politics the masculine, male point of view is favorable over the women’s stereotypical traits (Bauer, 2015). The question is, do gender stereotyped matter to voters?

Depending on the research, of all the people in parliament in the world, 13 percent are women. In the corporate sector, women at the top, C-level jobs, board seats -- tops out at 15, 16 percent. The numbers have not moved since 2002 and are going in the wrong direction. (2) This information shows that women are having hard time to achieve parity with

Furthermore, this paper will also discuss how external and more institutional factors can lead to the underrepresentation of women. These factors include how women still play the larger domestic role in society and how women are more unlikely to receive the suggestion of campaigning for office. By underscoring the various sources of biases in the political arena, one is able to more closely analyze what forces certain females may be combating in their quest to obtain office- or even a spot on the ballot.

Politicians play a major role in the mission to provide equality for women and girls. They have the power to initiate bills, change laws, and shed light on women issues. There should be an equal number of both genders representing lawmakers. The United States Constitution protects women’s right to vote and to hold office. It is the duty of each American

A significant body of research has been developed in political science to demonstrate that the presence of women in political office changes the substance and process of policymaking and politics. From the state to the national level, women elected officials have expanded the scope of the policy agenda and brought more diverse perspectives into legislatures (Kathlene, 1999). We also know that at the state level women legislators work more on women’s policy concerns than their male counterparts and offer programs to support those concerns (Carroll, 2001; Thomas and Welch, 1991; Thomas, 1997; Little, Dunn, and Dean, 2001). Similarly, at the national level, women legislators broaden the issues under consideration and move women’s issues onto the agenda (Wolbrect, 2000 and 2002). Further, female legislators actually introduce most legislation on women’s issues and co-sponsor more such legislation than their male counterparts (Wolbrect, 2002; O’Connor2001).

Politics is a world stage for decision making. With the lack of women presence and voice, men are less likely to take into consideration rape, domestic violence, women’s health care, and child care. According to Rosa Linda T. Miranda, the decisions that are made. It is a fact that women make up half of the world population. One of the simplest arguments for women representation in politics is this cold hard fact. Why isn’t there equal amount of men and women in these role, if they bot make up 50% of the population? Each argument for equal representation of women in politics fall in to one for three categories. The three types are formal, descriptive, and substantive representation (Paxton and Hughes, 2014).

Every year, women become more represented in politics, but there are still several challenges they face regarding their gender. Women in politics struggle with representation, sexism and finding funding for their campaign.

Since the 20th century, Sweden have progressively evolved into the 6th highest ranking towards women in parliament yet, Australia has also evolved but ranks 50th for gender equality (Inter-Parliamentary Union 2017). Sweden’s women hold 152 of the 349 seats established for their lower or single house and Australia’s women hold 43 of the 150 seats. A key aspect to think about is why do these two countries vary exponentially in terms of their ranking of seats held by women in the parliament? Australian’s women in parliament hold 28.7 percent whereas, Sweden’s’ hold 43.6 percent (UN Women 2017). In this paper, I show the various aspects in which Australia’s and Sweden’s government, as well as their progressive gender policies, differ

So women’s contribution is very immense in the social & economic development of various communities in the world. Their political involvement may not be that much in the past but current women’s participation in politics all over the world is witnessing huge increase in leaps and bounds.