Annotated Bibliography : The Hate Crime Problem In Society

Recently, in a response to an increase in violence, the state of Wisconsin passes a law that enhances the penalty for any offense committed against a victim where the crime is committed because of hatred for the victim’s race, sex, or religion. Prior to discussing whether or not this penalty enhancement violates the civil jurisdiction given to the state from God; one must first provide the foundation of the jurisdiction of the state from the biblical principles. First, Christ recognizes that God has all authority “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God” Roman 13:1 (King James Online). In addition, Christ recognizes jurisdiction “and Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the

Hate crimes has become an increasing problem here in the united states ranging from racial hatred to gender discrimination but what are hate crimes? According to Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston Hate crimes are message crimes, Hate crimes are defined as crimes that are violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. The coined term “hate crimes” was first used No matter how many different definitions there are for hate crimes but we all can agree that hate crimes are wrong and immoral. But within hate crimes they are many different types of hate crimes. One of the main reasons that people commit hate crimes would

The phrase “Hate Crime” rose to prominence in the 1980s, in an attempt to describe crimes against someone based on their race or religion. These crimes were motivated, at least in part and sometimes in entirety, by bias against African Americans and Jews. Since that time, the term has expanded to include illegal acts against a person, organization, and their property based on the criminal’s bias against the victim’s minority class. These minority classes include race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, disability, or gender reassignment. These are specific crimes because not only are they crimes against someone, they are committed based on who someone is (Martin 1996). This paper will discuss the history of hate crimes and the response of law enforcement officers to hate crimes.

In 2009, 6,604 hate crime incidents were reported to the FBI, 48.8% of which were motivated by race, 19.7% by religious prejudice, 18.5%by sexual orientation, 11.8% by ethnicity, and 1.5% by disability bias (Hate Crime Statistics, 2009). Recently, the FBI released the 2010 statistics that unfortunately reveal a slight increase in the number of hate crime incidents: 6,628 incidents were reported in 2010, 47.3% of which were motivated by race, 20% by religious prejudice, 19.3% by sexual orientation, 12.8% by ethnicity, and .6% by disability bias (Hate Crime Statistics, 2010). While racially-motivated and disability-motivated crimes appear to have decreased, hate crime motivated by religion, sexual orientation, and ethnicity has risen in the last year. Improvements in hate crime laws and punishments are necessary in order for these statistics to decrease.

The emergence of the hate crimes has reached the criminal justice system despite that it was somehow unknown to many in the past. Not many understood what is meant by hate crime but is rather becoming known with the understanding of the offenses related to hate crime becoming a standard issue among the citizens across the divide. Actually the criminal justice system has come up with clear definition of hate crime terming it as any kind of offense that is targeted to individual as brutality or prejudice against the person based on the race or ethnicity or religion, sexual orientation as well as gender identity of such a person (Freilich and Chermak, 2013). It is common to any individual or a group who has been targeted due to a holding a specific characteristic that is not present in a person or group

Kevin, I enjoyed reading your perspective on hate crimes. You’re completely right, we all should be considered as a whole. No crime should be considered less than or more than. No one person life is more important than another person’s life. I respect your personal beliefs that all of us have personal biases, that indeed we do. However, I feel as if there should be some sort of hate crime legislative reform for individuals that are not considered a traditional hate crime. Going back to one person’s life being favorable over another, my personal belief is when a person is attacked, raped, or murdered over the color of their skin, or sexual preferences, or their religious beliefs some form of legislative reform should be put in place.

In November of 2015, the Federal Bureau of Investigations published a statistics report on hate crimes that was based on incidents that occurred the previous year. The data showed that there was about a ten percent decline of incidents documented since the prior year. But not all of the groups correlated with this report saw decreases in hate crimes. Occurrences involving Muslims have increased in the last several years after shifting for a decade following the wake of the terror attacks of September 11, 2001. Prejudgment towards Muslims isn’t something that is new though, according to hate crime data and surveys. About fifty percent of U.S. Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Mormons, and Muslims believed that most Americans were prejudiced toward Muslim Americans in a 2010 Gallup survey. The survey also uncovered that Muslims were more likely to experience religious discrimination than any other religious group. A matter of fact Muslim Americans are five times more likely to be a victim of a hate crime today than before 9/11 according to the FBI. But not all people believe that Muslim discrimination is such a massive problem that impacts many people’s lives. Florida senator and U.S. presidential candidate Marco Rubio stated in an interview, “Where is there widespread evidence that we have a problem in America with discrimination against Muslims?” which is rather amusing because if Mr. Rubio were to have done a quick internet search he would have

Hate crimes are a geographical problem and humans right challenge where varies of theories and officials address to change individual formulating methods of improvement on violators. The label of hate crime existed for centuries of inappropriate human behavior violating humanity such as violent acts historically and internationally. Across the global varies of countries view hate crimes on a balance of series of bias hurt either physically or verbally some don’t even acknowledge hate crime verbally and legislation process prosecuting violators tend to be practiced differently. In this paper the scope of how governments in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, and Antisemitism define their methods amongst hate crime tracking, legislation, attacks, and protected groups.

You did a great job in this week’s discussion evaluating the use of hate crimes in criminal cases. I agree with you that the utilization of this enhancement factor in sentencing should be assessed by the jury hearing the case to ensure that due process is given to the defendant in the case on a harsher punishment that can be imposed for the criminal activity. The due process requirement for convicting a defendant in criminal proceedings is ensured to us all by the Constitution, and any factors that can change the amount of punishment given to a defendant must meet the due process requirements. This use of due process ensures that the accused has had a fair trial, and can meet the penalties of their crime in a fair and unbiased

This paper will explore the long-term effects a hate crime has on the victim and his or her community. The victims and communities are directly and indirectly affected by the crime. Victims suffered long term effects such as negative mental and physical health, anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD. The affected communities were victimized solely for sharing the same characteristics and beliefs of the victim. The long lasting effects of the hate crime influence every aspect of the victim’s life and those communities involved. Coping mechanisms such as support groups helped the victim and the communities regain some normality in their lives.

I would first like to say that you did a great job on this week’s discussion question concerning the use of hate crimes in criminal cases. I am like you when growing up in the south as a person that is a member of the black community you hear of and even see criminal activity that is driven by racial hate. The victims that are affected by this type of crime has been subjected to a kind of offenses that is not only a threat to their fiscal being but also that of their mental health being as well. I am like you I think that from a constitutional viewpoint of these types of cases the defendant must be given his rights given to him. Allowing the jury to determine if the elements in the case support the punishment as a hate crime as

So, as we have seen, hate crimes are a hideous act in our society. Not only do they effect the individual with long-lasting psychological effects, they effect the entire community as

According to the latest FBI report, 6,418 people have fallen victim to a hate crime in 2014. In this survey, 15,494 law enforcement agencies participated, but only 1,666 agencies reported that a hate crime occurred in their jurisdiction. 47% of which was racially motivated. Today we will firstly define and understand what a hate crime is. Then we will discuss the need for hate crime laws, and finally we will conclude with ways to teach positive examples to today's youth, and lead to the end of hate. Do to the rarity of hate crimes being a problem in most communities, most people today are unsure what makes a hate crime a crime. A hate crime is based on bias or prejudice views towards a single or group of people, whether it is against race,

The original purpose for this research project was to study the correlations between American anti-Muslim hate crimes and global terrorist attacks. The thought was that because so many places were being attacked, American people would be more scared of Muslim peoples and commit more hate crimes. However there was no remarkable correlation, so we began to think of the rises and falls in American anti-Muslim hate crimes differently.

Hate Crime is by far an act of violation against Human Rights. Many people who are victims of a Hate Crime ended up getting themselves harm based upon their own beliefs, religions, races, and etc. In the United States, the strongest issue among Hate Crime is racism. This issue have been on-going for a very long time and should have been suspended by now. Sadly, many people do not want to accept these new phrases and continue to hold on to their tradition. Thus, allowing these offenders to harm others due to their race. The white supremacists express their hatred through the act of protesting. It is heartbreaking to see many innocent people being harmed by the protestors. In fact, many photographers have taken photos of these victims and protesters. In many of these photos, their faces express either an anguish or tears running down through their cheeks. The photographers posted these photos online and expressed them as anti-hate crime. Then, many artists took the idea of anti-hate crime and expressed their views of it. In fact, they wanted to show the world how cruel hate crime is by presenting their artwork.