Annotated Bibliography: Volcanic Collapse

A volcano is an earth hazard that occurs on faults between tectonic plates on a destructive boundary and an eruption is a natural disaster. A primary impact happens immediately after the disaster and before any response like death or collapsing or destruction of buildings. A secondary impact occurs later after the disaster, such less farm produce or a reduction in tourism. The severity of these impacts will differ considerably in a MEDC and LEDC where volcanic eruptions have taken place. These may be seen in the Mount St. Helen volcano eruption as well as in the Iceland volcanic eruption. They may also

A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat tolife, health, property or environment. The level of hazard posed by different volcanoes can very greatly, from a weak eruption with minimal impact that causes little damage, to a voilent and life threatening explosion. Most of the sixty-plus volcanoes that erupt each year are low risk, however a combination of factors can cause a volcano to be a serious hazard. The factors causing these variations will be explained in this essay.

The volcanoes are located where there is a divergence or convergence in the tectonic plates and bring their lava from the deepest of the terrestrial mantle. The materials and explosions of these ginates represent a constant risk in the places inhabited by the human being, nevertheless the people ususually live in these areas no matter the risk. On the other hand the volcanos can change the geology of an impressive form, or to cool the temperature of the earth, or to darken the sky. The scientific community increases its efforts to try to understand better what happens in volcanoes, however it is impossible to predict these conditions.

Volcanoes are one of the most destructive, yet, most beautiful things on Earth. They can make a famous city choke in its own ashes in one day, like Pompeii. Or they can turn a once damaging mountain into a graceful and peaceful home for new life, like Mount St. Helen’s. All volcanoes are unique, and no two are the same. Some erupt differently than others, some look different than others, and all are located in different spots all over the world. I learned this while completing the project and the five volcanoes I researched are examples of my discoveries. The five volcanoes I researched were Mount Hood, Mount Mageik, Long Island, Mount Muria, and Las Pilas.

The west coast of North America has been tectonically and volcanically active for billions of years. The Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern California were born of volcanoes, and magma has been erupting in the Long Valley to the east of the mountains for over three million years (Bailey, et. al., 1989). However, the climactic eruption of the region occurred relatively recently in the region's geologic history. About 760,000 years ago, a huge explosion of magma warped the Eastern Sierra into the landscape that exists today. The eruption depleted a massive magma chamber below the earth's surface so that the ceiling of the chamber imploded, forming what is now known as

One physical factor which causes differences in a volcanic hazard is the steepness of the volcano. If the volcanoes sides are of a steep gradient then the

As the crust moves away from the volcanoes and cools and becomes less dense and breaks up.

Mount Mazama and Crater Lake: Growth and Destruction of a Cascade Volcano U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 092-02

It is minimal realized that lying underneath one of The United States biggest and most beautiful National Parks - Yellowstone Park - is one of the biggest "super volcanoes" on the planet. Every year, a huge number of guests come to respect the hot springs and fountains of Yellowstone, the Nation's first national park. Few are mindful that these miracles are powered by hotness from a vast repository of incompletely liquid rock (magma), simply a couple of miles underneath their feet. As this magma-which drives one of the world's biggest volcanic frameworks climbs, it pushes up the Earth's hull underneath the Yellowstone Plateau.

About 7,700 years ago, Mount Mazama erupted on itself after building upon itself and reaching an impressive height of 12,000 feet. The aftermath of the collapse left a crater more than 2000 feet deep and 6 miles wide (Reichmann)! The rocks and minerals from the Mount Mazama

Numerous major and minor earthquakes can warn of a volcanic eruption (USGS, 2015). A volcanoe can wipe out miles of homes and wilderness in the surrounding area. To summarize a volcanoe is a dangerous natural disaster caused for an accumulation of pressure and the movement of tectonic plates.

Magmatism refers to action and movement of magma. Magma is the molten rock that exists within the earth’s mantle, and that is in a state of constant motion resulting from the enormous amount of pressure exerted on it by the overlying layers. The earth’s crust is divided into many plates which are also in a constant state of slow motion against each other. The edges of these plates form weak points at which volcanic activity often occurs. Rifts also form edges that run down to the earth’s mantle. As such, volcanic activities often take place along these rifts. Multiple volcanic features are found along these faults which are evidence of the magmatism. Furthermore, the movement of the plates and the magma along the faults also causes the regular occurrence of earthquakes in these regions. Also, magmatism also plays an important role in the formation of the rifts. However, not all rifts experience magmatism and in some cases, some fault lines are volcanically dormant. This paper shall compare the Great East African Rift with the Rio Grande Rift to identify similarities and differences between these rift systems.

Introduction: Since the beginning of time, volcanoes have been wreaking havoc on the world, as we know it. Yet in the more recent times, there has been a great amount of debate regarding the effect of volcanic eruptions on world climate change. In this report, the effects of these volcanoes will be explored, particularly in regards to cooling and the depletion of the ozone.

Volcanoes and Earthquakes are two of the most intriguing natural disasters that can occur on earth. Unlike hurricanes and tornadoes, they can awaken at almost any point in time throughout the year. These two natural disasters are also different from others because they occur on the layers of the earth itself. Volcanoes, while large to us, are actually small, conical patches of earth that spurt and ooze hot molten lava from the core, and can destroy areas of land triple their size. Earthquakes, on the other hand, are severe jolts felt on land due to the movement of earths tectonic plates. Some may describe earthquakes as being similar to riding a bike down a flight of stairs. The impact of an earthquakes can take down even the largest buildings and strongest structures. All natural disasters can have damaging effects on land, some more than others, and all can be measured or predicted in different ways. Although earthquakes and volcanoes are similar to each other, the two are still very comparable. A few of these similarities and differences include the cause of their occurrence, and how their occurrence impacts the environment.

In order to understand the interaction between volcanic and seismotectonic processes, some meaningful terms have to be comprehended (Zobin, 2012). For instance, a volcano is a vent in the surface of the Earth that has in its internal structure a magma reservoir with gases and in its external structure solidified ejected material (Zobin, 2012). In the matter of its internal structure, it is considered that the gases govern great part of the life of a volcano (Zobin, 2012). Those volcanic gases, also known as volatiles, can explain the dissolution and exsolution processes within the magma stages (Kazahaya et al., 2015). As a consequence, gases are a trigger that can cause a volcanic eruption and, thus, seismic activity (Zobin, 2012). Therefore, correlations between volcanic gas studies and geophysical methods, such as infrasound and seismicity, provide understanding in volcanic phenomena and may predict volcanic eruptions (Kazahaya et al., 2015). Volcanic seismology is the study of the origin of seismic signals related with volcanic processes (Zobin, 2012). The nature of this science rests over the mathematical and physical approach that describes the sources producing seismic waves (Zobin, 2012). Volcanic earthquakes have been used for monitoring and forecasting eruptions (Sigurdsson et al., 2015). They are divided into two groups, which are the volcano-tectonic and eruption earthquakes (Zobin, 2012). Those two groups split into four types, which are part of