Annulus Compare And Contrast

12. What are the 3 types of cartilage and where would you find each type?

9. Hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces, it has a very firm consistency. It contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. Elastic cartilage, also called yellow cartilage, is present in the ears; it contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, the annulus firbrosus of the intervertebral discs, menisci and the TMJ. During labor, the pubic symphysis is loosened to aid in delivery.

58) Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such

A. Protrusion of the disk material may impinge on nerve roots that exit through intervertebral foramina.

The fibers in both cells are striated, and the fibers are long and each muscle cell is fused to one another. This is why so many nuclei are included. Also, the fibers are almost threadlike, with dark and light colored striations.

The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.

The skeletal system is made up of bones and joints. Bones are a dry dense tissue that is composed of calcium phosphorous and organic matter. The bones are protected and covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum (Brown, et al., 2015, p. 1547). There are two basic types of bone tissue: Compact Bone and Spongy Bone. Compact bones are dense smooth bones, while Spongy bones are composed of small needle-like pieces of bones and open space. Bones are then categorised according to the shape of the bone into four groups: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones characteristically are typically longer then they are wide and generally have a shaft with heads at either ends e.g. the humerus. They are mainly compact bones. Short bones

The longitudinal layer is 2.5 mm thick and the thickness decreases with age. Cranially the layer is predominantly muscular while fibro-elastic caudally. The fibro-elastic tissue of the longitudinal layer is continuous with the fibro-elastic network outside the sphincter to the perianal skin to form the corrugator cutis ani, thereby forming an intra-sphincteric fibro-elastic network passing through the external sphincter(Stoker, 2009).

The two heroes from the stories Leviathan (Scott Westerfeld) and the story Theseus (Bernard Evslin, Heroes, Gods, and Monsters) both go on very similar journeys. They each have an Exposition, they both meet a mentor, , they both leave home, they both have feelings about leaving home, they both face numerous tests of strength, and they both pass their final, (or in Alek's case, end of the book) test. These things all played a big part in the story, and in the character development, which is the important part of this topic.

The outermost layer is the fibrous capsule. It is primarily ligamentous and its functions are:

Articular cartilage is organized into four different layers/zones: superficial (tangential), middle (transitional), deep (radial), and calcified. The cellular structure of each layer is slightly different and corresponds to its role and type of force that it can withstand; the superficial layer has parallel alignment to withstand shear forces, the middle layer begins to resist compressive forces with a more oblique orientation, and the deep layer has a perpendicular alignment that largely resists compression. The calcified layer is where the cartilage connects to bone tissue, and is separated from the deep layer by the tidemark, which is a region of parallel-oriented fibers to reduce shear force. Since grading of chondral lesions (commonly on a Grade 0-4 scale) is based upon the depth of injury, it is important to understand these specialized

Look at the photo of a Pacinian corpuscle. Notice the onion-like bulb of connective tissue. Describe briefly —

2. How does cartilage differ from bone? How did each one feel when pierced with the knife?

Ligaments connect bones together and are made up of grossly parallel, fibrous, dense connective tissue.1 Many ligaments are part of anatomically inseparable structures known as joint capsules, and this is certainly the case with the wrist.1 Ligaments often have a more vascular overlying layer termed the "epiligament" covering their surface and this layer, which is often indistinguishable from the actual ligament, merges into the periosteum of the bone around the attachment sites of the ligament.7 Removal of the epiligament exposes the fibrous architecture of the ligament which is further organized hierarchically into groups of parallel fibers known as bundles.1,7 These bundles are difficult to separate, suggesting that they are interconnected in some way.7 Blood supply and innervations of the ligaments are not as high as with many other connective tissues. For example, it is estimated that only 1.5% of the extracellular matrix of the rabbit MCL is occupied by blood vessels.1 At a cellular level, ligaments are heterogenous from deep fibers to surface fibers, and along the entire length of the ligament.1 While there are some differences in ligament cellular organization, there is a general organization that is common to most ligaments.1 Ligaments are often referred to as hypocellular due to the relatively low amount of cellular composition as compared to other tissues. They are composed of approximately two-thirds water and one-third solid (see the second figure, labeled

Based on color, the cartilage was whitish in color while the bone was cream colored. The cartilage was relatively more flexible than the bone. On composition, bone is made up of calcium while cartilage is made up of hyaline materials. Upon piercing with a knife, the bone is resistant to piercing. On application of more force, it cracks and breaks unevenly as compared to the cartilage that is less resistant to piercing and was cut clean through upon application of a relatively lesser