Antagonistic Coevolution Between Bacterial And Phage Populations

6. Humans should not be concerned about the bacteriophages infecting other cells because each bacteriophage is particular to a certain bacteria. If the bacterial cell exhibits traits that are desirable to the certain bacteriophage, then the phage will chose to bind and infect it, otherwise people have nothing to worry about.

See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.

Isolating and characterize a novel phage from the environment requires several steps and several frustrations. By isolating and investigating a phage found in the Pullman region can hopefully lead to a newly discovered phage that can help researchers discover more about the life cycle and process of phage infection. Some phage infection can be good due to infecting the bacteria that is not wanted or is harmful to the environment or humans. Within this lab, there were steps taken necessary to isolate a novel phage that was obtained from the surrounding Pullman area. This report reflects plaques being isolated but then stopped due to errors and loss of plates. The final touches and procedures were accomplished with a given DNA ladder that was

The titer of recombinant phage was determined with the number of plaques on the E.coli K plates and the titer of total phage progeny was determined with the number of plaque on the E.coli B plates.

Many pathogenic bacteria species are becoming resistant to antibiotic. Explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection.

Titer of the Bacterial virus, the Measurement of the Recombination and the Reversion Rate, and the Gene Map Distance (Phage Recombination)

Bacteriophages were first discovered about 100 years ago by Frederick Twort and Felix D'Herelle. Bacteriophages or commonly known as “phages” are viruses that infect bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages come in multiple shapes and sizes. But a good amount of them are tailed viruses that contain double stranded DNA. The head of the bacteriophages has a protein shell which is attached to the tail. Some phages differ as some don’t have double stranded DNA they may be single stranded. Phages are incapable of reproducing on their own. In fact, they need a bacterial host to reproduce. Like any virus, bacteriophages are very fixed to discrete hosts. The host bacteria that we are using is called arthrobacter. Arthrobacter is a genus of bacteria found in soil (Pope et al 2016). Arthrobacter can help reduce hexavalent chromium which can cause some symptoms such as irritations to humans. Hexavalent chromium may also cause lung cancer if inhaled. The SEA PHAGE project was broken down into two parts. The first part which we are currently doing is isolating, purifying and amplifying the bacteria from our soil samples that we collected in the beginning of the year.

Many pathogenic bacteria species are becoming resistant to antibiotic. Explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection.

The main objectives of this experiment included making dilutions of solutions, plating phage or bacteria, and determining the number of bacterial viruses or phage in a suspension. It was also conducted to demonstrate that two different mutants of phage T4 can exchange genetic material to give rise to wild-type phage. The experiment was used to distinguish mutants from wild-type by their host specificity. The recombination in bacteriophage was performed to determine the concentration of unadsorbed phage from the U series plates, total concentration from B series, and concentration of

This project is all about isolating bacteriophage in soil. They come in different sizes and shapes, each to their own unique look. Phages have a protective protein head that contains DNA and a hollow tube tails (http://phages.org/bacteriophage/). Since bacteriophage cannot reproduce and replicate themselves, they need a host to do the work for

“Bacterial illness is a result of complex interactions between bacteria and the host. During evolution, humans developed many ways to protect themselves against bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, bacteria have developed strategies to evade, subvert or circumvent these defenses” (Sousa, 2003) “One of the most important characteristics of bacterial pathogenicity is the various strategies developed by prokaryotic organisms to use host molecules for their own benefit” (Sousa, 2003). “To accomplish this, bacteria have evolved elaborate control mechanisms to turn genes on and off, varying the transcriptional activator or

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

The purpose of our lab was to sequence part of the Pseudomonas fluorescens genome trying to find genes coding for the polyketide antibiotic which is thought to be the key component of biological control over Take-all disease. We studied clone #2 and found 100% similarity with genome of Pseudomonas brassicarium and 87% with glathione S-transferase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in cellular detoxification and can be included in fighting Take-all.

Phage DNA can provide the bacterial symbionts with beneficial functions that extend to the eukaryotic hosts they infect, increasing the survival of all involved parties and thus driving the evolution of the population. The easily adaptable nature of phage elements can help hosts and bacterial symbionts to evolve more quickly when facing natural pressures. In this paper, the relationship between APSE, the H. defensa it infects, and the A. pisum host developed because the evolutionary interests of all three were aligned against their enemy, the parasitoid wasp. This relationship has protected A. pisum from A. ervi and allowed for the propagation of H. defensa in aphid

The research goal was to test whether P. fluorescens phenotypes that could more easily pick up extracellular DNA will be conferred with higher fitness. Prokaryotic evolution has been shaped by transformation, as the environment is a host to a variety of extracellular DNA that is replenished by organisms as quickly as it’s degraded, provided that the trait offers a fitness advantage that allows for conjugation between bacteria (Levy-Booth et al., 2007). If such were the case in the microcosms, there would be a phenotype that was able to intake plasmids at a higher rate and had higher relative fitness values; however, besides for an occasional anomaly in data, there was insignificant intake of DNA across all phenotypes.