Antenna Is The Main Component Of Every Communication System

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

All goals must be measurable to then measure the progress towards the successful outcome, to measure progress is to monitor and access success and achievement.

Developing reconfigurable filter for overlay and underlay CR would be the effective solution for sensing and sharing by ensuring security. This would start by studying techniques employed in the design of UWB filters. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 brings out the theory of UWB and Cognitive Radio. Filter geometries and performances are discussed in Chapter 3. Section 4 compares the results of existing developed filters available in the literature. Section 5 concludes the

The Radio was introduced to society because of the telegraph and the telephone. These inventions don’t do the same things but their similar branch of technology. “Radio technology began as “wireless telegraphy”. “It all started with the discovery of radio waves, electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through air.” [Bellis] Majority of technology uses electromagnetic waves to send data information or TV broadcasts. During the 1860’s, Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz showed how fast the variation of electric current could be placed into space in the form of

There is a wide range of communications technology that is used by the Public Services. Every Public Service uses some form of technological equipment as it is vital to carry out their duties effectively and efficiently. Depending on what job they are required to do, they will use different types of technological equipment. Communications technology being, The Police National Computer, Roaming network, Radios, Cormorant digital voice, Local Area Network and Satellite communications.

In my project, I have designed and simulated microstrip patch antenna at operating frequency 2.4GHz using HFSS software .It has Substrate (FR4) having dielectric constants of 4.4.I have designed single patch antenna without DGS, 2x1 array antenna and 4x1 array antenna without DGS ,4x1 array antenna with DGS (Dumbbell shaped , Double Circular shaped, E-shaped) and analyze the results. I analyze that I god improved results in 4x1 array antenna configuration with E-shaped DGS structure in terms of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of 1.12, Return loss of -22.12 dB, Bandwidth of 404 MHz, Gain of 7 dB etc.

The amplitude affects the strength of the force, that is the length of the force vectors in the electromagnetic wave. The wavelength of the wave depends only on the frequency with which the electron in the transmitting antenna is oscillating up and down; and the speed of light.

In this paper of Wireless USB, I will try to give the uses of WUSB, its advantages, work area, features of using WUSB, etc. At the same time I will points out the application of using WUSB along with its specification.

Window embedded wire antennas have been introduced at FM frequencies for low-power or receive-only applications. The power transmitted by the army radios at VHF and UHF frequencies can exceed tens of watts. At these power levels, it is of crucial importance to isolate the interior of the vehicle from the antenna radiation. In addition, this isolation eliminates the affects of the cabin interior and passengers on the antenna input impedance and radiation pattern. Hence a transparent ground plane will be needed behind the radiating element to reduce the radiation inside the vehicle and at the same time increase the directivity of the antenna. A wire-mesh or a more sophisticated band-selective ground plane can be used as the reflecting element. A meshed patch antenna on a mesh ground plane can provide the required isolation with the cabin interior. However because of the sub-wavelength dimensions of the armored windows at VHF and UHF frequencies a patch antenna, if feasible, cannot provide the one octave bandwidth required by the army radios. In this paper a monopole bow-tie antenna backed by a cavity (armored window) is proposed. Because of the limited thickness of the window glass, the radiation element and the transparent ground plane need to be placed very close to each other. Therefore the gain and/or the

The equation for radiation resistance is given in (1). As can be seen, the greater the radiation resistance, the more energy is radiated or received by the antenna. When the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the resistance of the transmitter or receiver, the system is optimized. Antennas also have ohmic or loss resistance which decreases efficiency. It can be shown that an efficient antenna must be comparable to a wavelength in size.

Over a quite long period prior, telecommunication system has incredible improvements from the wire to wireless phone technology. “The ability to convey information quickly, accurately, and efficiently has always been one of the main focuses driving human innovation. From prehistoric man with their signal fires to the smartphone-wielding high-powered executives of today, communication still remains a key for survival and success.” (The History of Telecommunication) Telecommunications set a worldwide network helping people closer together. Nowadays, there are many firms with good services, such as AT&T, Sprint, PCS, T- Mobile, and Verizon in the US. Among these firms, AT&T is the telecommunicating firm that I would like to mention here about its mobile share value plans. Besides its services and products supplied, the mobile share value plans are one of the major changes of AT&T in 2014. The AT&T’s competitiveness, which is based on its pricing and servicing policies, is to measure against other companies in the Telecommunication Industry market.

The fig.3 and 4 above is a simulated result showing the red is return loss (S11) and blue is insertion loss (S21) obtained for model. Figure 4 shows the reflection and transmission factor measured for the range 1 GHz to 4GHz. This result gives that the bandpass characteristics are valid for a wide range of EM spectrum for communication. In order to get detailed characteristics in the neighborhood of 2.45 GHz, Figure 4 gives more information needed to the measurement results. With the 3 dB boundary, we get about 260 MHz bandwidth, and insertion loss of -4.3 dB, with parametric dimension as given in Table.1.

The Antenna that I will be profiling is being owned by a big Company called Crown Castle GT Company LLC. The company owns around 40,000 towers in and they have 40 local offices nationwide. From small businesses to government agencies are renting space on these towers every day to benefit themselves with the services that these towers provide. Among the services provided by this tower are data and voice services, from telephony to internet services. The tower is located in Tampa and even though it is not taller than 200 feet above ground it has been registered. I wasn’t able to find out why but on the Federal Communication Commission website it is stated that “any tower taller than 200 feet above ground level must be registered because it could interfere with the flight path of airports located close to the antenna”. While I was doing my research I found out that even some 66

In this assignment, I am looking at communications in several different ways. These are to, Understand the importance of the role of communication in the workplace;

Fundamental characteristics of this antenna such as the radiation directivity and the frequency response are measured. Figure shows a picture of the proposed antenna that has a shape of ―tears drop‖. Using Novel Ultra Wideband Planar Reflector Antenna a reflector antenna relies on reflection of energy from the reflector. Reflector antennas tend to be good directional and high gain antennas [11]. There are some classes of ultra wideband reflector antennas, such as planar, corner, and parabolic cylinder reflector antennas.