Anthrax Causive Agent

     The land of Egypt was visited by a succession of nine plagues. First, the rivers turned to blood. Then came the plagues of frogs, lice, murrain, flies, boils, locusts, and darkness. Still the pharaoh would refuse to let the Israelites go, until at last, Jehovah brought one more plague on the pharaoh and on Egypt.

Later, it was determined the “Black Death” infection was not only an epidemic, but a pandemic of global proportions.

Antibiotics either stop the bacterial cell from reproducing or kill the cell. They can disrupt the bacteria by deterring

The causes of the Black Death – the flea, the rat, and the bacillus Yersinia pestis– have been labeled the “unholy trinity” (Boeckl). The flea is able to live in environmental conditions of about 74° Fahrenheit and 60% humidity (Ibid). Before the Black Death reached Europe, they were experiencing those same types of weather conditions. The rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis and the human flea, Pulex irritans, are both capable of transmitting plague (Boeckl). Sometimes, an infected flea cannot ingest blood because Yersinia pestis obstructs its digestive tract. The blockage causes a flea to regurgitate into a bitten host rather than ingest the host’s blood, thereby infecting the host with plague (Boeckl). Unable to eat, the famished flea will bite with more frequency, accelerating the spread of plague. A flea can be carrying Yersinia pestis without it blocking the flea’s digestive tract, in which case the flea does not transmit plague when it bites a host. Also, Yersinia pestis can only enter a victim through a bite, as the bacilli cannot pass through intact skin (Gottfried).

Starting from the beginning; Varicella or chicken pox is an infectious disease that can be characterized by an itchy skin rash. The rash usually appears a few days after exposure and can spread throughout the entire body accompanied with fever, fatigue, and flu like symptoms. Each rash blister will dry out and form a scab which then falls off in the course of healing. Getting chicken pox more than

2. The main symptoms of the Bubonic Plague was headaches, chills, high temperature, tiredness, nausea, pain, then it affects the neck and sides of the neck. These swelled up into large bumps called the "buboes".

Moses brought plague upon the Egyptians in hoping to lead to the release of the Israelites. For the first plague Moses replaced the water of the Nile River with blood (Exod 7:14-24). For the second plague Moses sent an infantry of frogs upon the Egyptians (Exod 7:25-8:15). These two plague’s were both replicated

Anthrax is believed to originated in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Many scholars believe that anthrax was the fifth plague of the ten plagues of Egypt. Which was believed to bring sickness to cattle, horses, sheep, oxen and camels. Some scholars believe that anthrax helped the fall of Rome. The bacterial illness was mentioned in different famous roman literature such as homers the Iliad, and in different poems by Virgil just to name a few.

The black death was a disease triggered by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis is a bacterium transmitted by rodents,

The origin of anthrax. Anthrax spores occur naturally in soil and are found in animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. They can also be produced in a lab. Anthrax has first been used as a weapon in biological warfare in WW 1 by the German military. Japan, The United States and Great Britain also experimented with anthrax as a weapon.

Cutaneous anthrax occurs when anthrax is absorbed through the skin. It enters the cut and symptoms will show between two and five days after infection. During this time, anthrax will develop like a boil-like lesion that will have a necrotic center. The boil is usually painless or itchy. Cutaneous anthrax occurs when humans handle infected animals and animal bi-products. There is an anthrax vaccination

Normally people infected die within 5 days in some cases overnight. After the victim is bitten

The research conducted by my laboratory section focused upon the Hfq protein within the causative agent of Anthrax, B.anthracis. More specifically, research was primarily geared towards expanding upon receive research on the protein productivity and function of a specific variation of Hfq—Hfq3—by creating specific mutations within the Hfq3 protein and observing its phenotype when assessed in ∆hfq E.coli system. By observing such protein activity within the Hfq3 protein in B.anthracis, a better understanding of cell physiology in bacteria from a variety of other infectious diseases can be obtained in the field of microbiology. The overall goal of this research project was to successfully create a series of specific mutations in the plasm of the Hfq3

Which antacid brand is most effective at neutralizing the excess stomach acid produced during heartburn? My hypothesis was that if Rite Aid’s antacid was added to heartburn acid, then it will turn neutral with less medicine. This was hypothesized because I think that the ingredients were best for neutralizing acid. The hypothesis that was reached was incorrect. The CVS generic brand was able to neutralize stomach acid using the lowest average amount of antacid. Over three trials, it is clear that the CVS antacid is best at neutralizing excess stomach acid with the lowest amount of antacid. The average amount of CVS antacid needed to neutralize the acid was only 4 drops. This means that the consumer would need less antacids to neutralize the

The effects of these different forms of Anthrax poisoning are numerous. The bacteria can easily avoid the body’s detection system and spread throughout the body. By the time the Anthrax is detected it is usually too late. For Cutaneous Anthrax a human will suffer from sores on the skin. With this type of infection it only takes a small cut for the bacteria to invade. Handling infected animals or animal products is the common transportation of Cutaneous Anthrax (Chemical and Biological Terrorism. 133). This form of Anthrax is curable, but only if it is caught at an early stage and treated with proper antibiotics. If a person does not seek immediate treatment, this infection could result in death. For Gastrointestinal Anthrax, a human will suffer from mouth and throat sores. They will have trouble swallowing, nausea, tiredness, bloody vomit and/or diarrhea, and loss of appetite (Chemical and Biological Terrorism. 133-134).